Commons:Copyright rules by territory/oc

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Droit international[edit]

Convention de Berne[edit]

La plupart des pays dins le monde sont signataires de la Convention de Berne per la protection des òbras littéraires e artistiques (vejatz aquesta pagina per le texte complet). D'après aquesta convention, les pays suivent les règles de copyright d'autres pays segon certaines règles. Une des conséquences est que nous devons toujours èsser soucieux des leis del pays d'origine de l'òbra a importer.

Lo plus important est l'article 7, qui donne la durada des protections segon la Convention. La Convention donne un temps minimum de 50 ans après la mort de l'autor, sujet a exceptions. Cependant, chaque pays est libre de donner des duradas plus grandes.

Dans tous les cas, aquesta durada est gouvernée per le droit del pays où la protection est demandée. Cependant, a moins que la législation de ce pays n'en dise autrement, aquesta durada ne peut excéder la durada fixée dins le pays d'origine de l'òbra.

Loi européenne sus les droits d'autor[edit]

L'Union européenne a créé des directives per harmoniser les règles de copyright dins les pays de l'Union (vejatz Copyright law of the European Union). Notez cependant que ces directives ne s'appliquent pas de façon uniforme. Elles devon èsser transposées dins le droit national e peuvent donc dévier. C'est le cas per exemple des exceptions al copyright (équivalents al fair use), qui peuvent différer segon certaines limites.

Per Commons, le plus important est la Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection (texte). Cette directive place la durada del copyright a 70 ans après la mort de l'autor (pour des autors multiples : après la mort del dernier autor ; per des trabalhs anonymes o collectifs : après la date de publication).

Cependant, aquesta directive ne raccourcit pas les duradas de copyright plus longues dins certains pays ; per exemple, en France, les extensions per années de guerre s'appliquent toujours (vejatz plus bas).

Lois nationales[edit]

Les leis sus le copyright diffèrent segon les pays. En général, Commons essaie d'appliquer des règles per n'accepter que d'imatges utilisables dins tous les pays, o del moins la plupart. Les leis nationales diffèrent al moins sus les points seguents :

  • Lo temps d'application del copyright. Dans la plupart des pays, le copyright expire al plus tard 70 ans après la mort de l'autor.
  • Lo statut des trabalhs gouvernementals. Dans beaucoup de pays (mais pas tous), les documents publiés per le gouvernement per una utilizacion officielle sont dins le domaine public (ce n'est souvent pas le cas en France).
  • Trabalhs soumis al copyright. Dans certaines juridictions, les photos de trabalhs artistiques architecturaux, sculptures, vêtements, etc. ne peuvent pas èsser utilisées librement sans le consentement del créateur de l'òbra originale.

Lo moyen le plus simple de respecter le droit international sus le copyright est de considérer toutes les leis applicables e d'utilizar la combinaison la plus restrictive per déterminer ce qui est admis o non. Les juridictions a considérer sont :

  • Lo pays où l'òbra a été créée,
  • La pays d'où l'òbra est importée sus Commons (la où vous vous trouvez),
  • Lo pays où se trouve le serveur Web d'où l'imatge a été téléchargée (si applicable),
  • Les Estats Units.

Per exemple, si un utilisateur de Commons habitant al Royaume-Uni veut importer l'imatge d'une peinture d'un artiste français, présente sus un serveur français : il devrait appliquer la lei britannique, française e américaine. La lei américaine dit que la peinture serait dins le domaine public si elle a été publiée avant 1923 ; la lei britannique dit que l'autor deu èsser mort depuis plus de 70 ans ; la lei française dit que si l'autor est mort en France, le copyright aurait una durada encore plus longue, a cause des années de guerre. Dans ce cas, les leis les plus restrictives sont les leis américaines e françaises ; il n'y a que si l'imatge était dins le domaine public a la fois als Estats Units e en France qu'elle pourrait èsser importée sus Commons.

Certaines exceptions nationales sont présentées çaijós, dins l'ordre alphabétique des pays :

Afghanistan[edit]

It appears that Afghanistan has no copyright laws at all. See this information from WIPO, and also w:Afghanistan and copyright issues.

Afrique del Sud[edit]

The Copyright Act of 1978 is the current law of South Africa governing copyrights. S.3(2)(a) specifies that cinematograph films, photographs, and sound recording are copyrighted for 50 years after their first publication. (Most other works are copyrighted for 50 years after the death of the author.)

Albanie[edit]

According to Copyright law of Albania the duration of copyright is 70 years post mortem auctoris. Copyright terminates 70 years after publication for pseudonymous or anonymous work. The following are not copyrightable and thus in public domain:

  • the ideas, theories, concepts, discoveries and inventions in a creative work, apart from the way of acquiring, explanation or expression;
  • the official texts of a legal, administrative, legislative, political nature and their respective official translations;
  • the official symbols of the state, symbols of other public organizations and public authorities, such as: Coat of arms, seals, flags, emblems, medallions, medals;
  • Means of payment;
  • news and press information;
  • simple data and facts.
  • Folk expressions.

Algérie[edit]

La lei algérienne dit que les photos e les films sont protégés fins a 50 ans a partir de la fin de l'année de publication, après quoi ils sont dins le domaine public.

Allemagne[edit]

D'après la lei allemande, les documents sont dins le domaine public (gemeinfrei) s'ils ont été publiés coma partie d'une loi o décret officiel, o s'ils ont été publiés coma annonce officielle o per l'information publique. La lei applicable est la section 5 de la UhrG. La première e plus importante phrase dit :

Gesetze, Verordnungen, amtliche Erlasse und Bekanntmachungen sowie Entscheidungen und amtlich verfaßte Leitsätze zu Entscheidungen genießen keinen urheberrechtlichen Schutz.

Per plus d'informations sus les leis de copyright allemandes, vejatz la pagina Wikipedia:Bildrechte sus la Wikipèdia germanophone.

Andorre[edit]

La lei sus les droits d'autor d'Andorre stipule que les droits d'autor


of Andorra states that the copyright term lasts for life extended for 70 years as from the first of January of the year following the death of the author. In a work of joint authorship, the term of 70 years shall be calculated from the death of the last surviving joint author. In a work of an author/s not identified individually (collective, anonymous or pseudonymous), the term is 70 years from the first time at the public disposal.

This is not applicable to any official text of legislative, administrative or judicial nature. However, the works of architecture are protected.

Andorra is party to the Berne Convention since Juny 2, 2004.

Arabie Saoudite[edit]

Saudi Arabian Law states that the "protection period for applied art (handcrafted or manufactured) and photographs shall be twenty five years of the date of publication." Films, sound and artistic works are protected for 50 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in the public domain.

Arménie[edit]

According to the Copyright law of 1999 the duration of copyright is 50 years after the death of the author and 50 years after publication for anonymous work. Moral rights are perpetual.

The copyright in a work created on an employment assignment shall belong to the author of the work.

Armenia has freedom of panorama limited to de minimis use and non-comercial purposes.

Please check article 6. in Armenian; it is very unclear in English.

Argentine[edit]

Les bendèls de licéncia disponibles sont {{PD-AR-Photo}} (images publiées en Argentine il y a 25 ans o plus), {{PD-AR-Movie}} (pour les films 50 ans après la mort del scénariste, producteur o réalisateur del film), {{PD-AR-Anonymous}} (trabalhs anonymes appartenant a una institution, entreprise o entité légale, enregistrée en Argentine e publiés il y a 50 ans o plus), e {{CC-AR-Presidency}} per les photos del site Web de la présidence argentine. Voir les modèles per plus de détails.

Argentina[edit]

See templates for details.

Australie[edit]

Œuvres del gouvernement[edit]

D'après [1] (pdf), le copyright d'òbras amb un copyright del Commonwealth, de l'État o del Territoire expire 50 ans après la date de création, arrondi a l'année la plus proche. Ainsi, toutes les òbras créées per le gouvernement australien avant 1956 sont dins le domaine public.

Autres òbras[edit]

La lei Australian Copyright Act 1968 [2] deu èsser consultée per déterminer si le copyright a expiré en Australie.

  • Lo copyright australien s'applique a las òbras publiées en Australie en premier, o dont l'autor d'origine est / était de nationalité australienne, un résident australien, o una personne jos la protection del gouvernement australien. [3]
  • Les copyright des òbras publiées expirent 70 ans après la mort de l'autor. [4]
  • Per les òbras non publiées, le copyright ne peut pas expirer avant 70 ans après la première publication de l'òbra. [5]
  • Per les òbras anonymes e jos pseudonyme, le copyright expire 70 ans après la première publication de l'òbra. [6]

En seguent aquesta logique :

  • Toutes les òbras ne provenant pas del gouvernement, dont l'autor est mort avant le 1er janvier 1936 sont dins le domaine public.
  • Toutes les òbras anonymes e jos pseudonymes publiées avant le 1er janvier 1936 sont dins le domaine public.

Australie[edit]

Government-produced works[edit]

According to [7], copyright of works with commonwealth, state, or territory-owned copyright expires 50 years from the date of creation (rounded up to the nearest year). Following that logic, all government-created works created before 1 January 1968 should be in the public domain.

Non-government works[edit]

Presently, the Australian Copyright Act 1968[8] should be consulted to determine whether the copyright of a work produced or published in Australia has expired. The Australian Copyright act 1968 was amended as of the 1st January 2005 and further amended February 2008, prior to this the time limit was 50 years the amendment was not retrospective, copyrights that expired prior to this date were not revived [9]

  • Australian copyright is applied to works published first in Australia or whose original author is/was an Australian citizen, Australian resident or person under protection of the Australian government.[10]
  • For published works, the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.[11]
  • For previously unpublished works, the copyright cannot expire less than 70 years after the first publication of the work. [12]
  • For anonymous/pseudonymous works, the copyright expires 70 years after the first publication of the work.[13]

Following this logic:

  • All published works whose author deceased before 1 January 1948 are in the public domain.
  • What is more, since works that went out of copyright before the change of the law in 2005 did not regain copyright, all published works whose author died before 1 January 1954 are public domain, as they went out of copyright before the new law came into effect. Copyright is lost at the start of the next year, so works of authors who died in 1954 will not be out of copyright until 2025.
  • All anonymous/pseudonymous works published before 1 January 1948 are in the public domain.
  • Unpublished works are not in the public domain.

Note:

  • Photographs taken prior to midnight on the 31st December 1954 are in the public domain[14], photographs taken on/after 1st January 1955 are not PD unless prescribed by the copyright owner.

Autriche[edit]

Freedom of panorama[edit]

Objects permanently located in public that can be photographed from public (accessible) grounds, without devices such as a ladder, can be used by its photographer for any purpose, regardless of whether they display an artwork/building or not. This right is called Panoramafreiheit (freedom of panorama). However in some circumstances certain modifications (but not usage) of the image can be prohibited by the copyright owner of the object (artist or architect) if the copyright of that object has not expired. Generally an image taken in public space might not be used to produce an object similar to the original. (§54. (1) [15])

§54. (1) 5. : Werke der Baukunst nach einem ausgeführten Bau oder andere Werke der bildenden Künste nach Werkstücken, die dazu angefertigt wurden, sich bleibend an einem öffentlichen Ort zu befinden, zu vervielfältigen, zu verbreiten, durch optische Einrichtungen öffentlich vorzuführen und durch Rundfunk zu senden und der Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung zu stellen; ausgenommen sind das Nachbauen von Werken der Baukunst, die Vervielfältigung eines Werkes der Malkunst oder der graphischen Künste zur bleibenden Anbringung an einem Orte der genannten Art sowie die Vervielfältigung von Werken der Plastik durch die Plastik.

Official works[edit]

By Austrian law, documents are in the public domain (gemeinfrei) if they have been published as part of a law or official decree or edict, or if they have been released as an official announcement or for public information. The relevant law is paragraph 7 of the UrhG.

Azerbaijan[edit]

According to the Copyright law of 1996 the duration of copyright is 50 years post mortem auctoris. The duration of copyright for anonymous work is 50 years after publication unless the author is identified. Post-humously work is protected 50 years after death if the work is published within 30 years after death.

According to article 8 copyright registration or explicit mention of copyright may be necessary. The English translation is not clear on this point.

The following are not subjects of copyright:

  • official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and their official translations;
  • State emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs);
  • works of folklore;
  • communications concerning events and facts that have informational character.

The reproduction, broadcasting or communication to the public by cable of architectural works, photographic works and works of fine art permanently located in a public place shall be permissible without the author's consent and without payment of remuneration, except where the presentation of the work constitutes the main feature of the said reproduction, broadcast or communication to the public by cable, if it is used for comercial purposes.

Belgique[edit]

Selon la lei sus les droits d'autor de 1994 la protection a una durada de 70 ans après la mort de l'autor. Dans le cas d'une òbra anonyme l'òbra tombe dins le domaine public 70 ans après sa publication si l'autor n'a pas été entre temps identifié.

Biélorussie[edit]

La lei sus le copyright de la Biélorussie dit que le copyright dure toute la vie de l'autor, e s'étend 50 ans après sa mort. S'il y a plusieurs autors, il s'étend 50 ans après la mort del dernier autor.

Brésil[edit]

According to Brazilian Copyright law of 1998 (in Portuguese) translation:

Chapter III -The Economic Rights of the Authors and Term Thereof

  • Art. 28. The author has the exclusive right to use his literary, artistic or scientific work, to derive benefit from it and to dispose of it.
  • Art. 41. The author's economic rights shall be protected for a period of 70 years as from the first of January of the year following his death, subject to observance of the order of succession under civil law.
  • Art. 42. Where a literary, artistic or scientific work of joint authorship is indivisible, the term of protection provided for in the foregoing Article shall be calculated from the death of the last surviving joint author.
  • Art. 43. The term of protection of economic rights in anonymous or pseudonymous works shall be 70 years counted from the first of January of the year following that of the first publication.

Sole Paragraph. The provisions of Articles 41 and its sole paragraph shall be applicable where the author makes his identity known before the expiry of the period referred to in the introduction to this Article.

  • Art. 44. The economic rights in audiovisual and photographic works shall be protected for a period of 70 years from the first of January of the year following that of their disclosure.
  • Art. 45. In addition to the works in respect of which the protection of the economic rights has expired, the following shall pass into the public domain:
    • I. the works of authors deceased without heir;
    • II. the works of unknown authors, subject to the legal protection of ethnic and traditional lore.

Chapter V - Term of Protection for Neighboring Rights

  • Art. 96. The term of protection of neighboring rights shall be 70 years from the first of January of the year following fixation for phonograms, transmission for the broadcasts of broadcasting organization, and public performance in other cases.

Freedom of panorama[edit]

  • Art. 48. Works permanently located in public places may be freely represented by painting, drawing, photography and audiovisual processes.

Canada[edit]

Toutes les photos prises avant le 1 janvier 1949 sont dins le domaine public.

Au Canada les droits d'autor sus toutes oeuvres artistiques originales expirent a la cinquantième année après la mort de l'autor o dernier autor (Loi sus les droits d'autor) . Une exception deu cependant èsser ajoutée, per les oeuvres anonymes o faites jos pseudonyme, le droit d'autor sera porté fins ala plus première de ces deux dates : 50 ans après la date de la première publication de l'oeuvre o 75 ans seguent la création de l'oeuvre. (Loi sus le droit d'autor ( L.R., 1985, ch. C-42 ), art. 6ss).

Voir Canadian Public Domain Flowchart per déterminer si l'oeuvre est dins le domaines public.

Chine[edit]

République Populaire de Chine[edit]

Selon La lei sus les droits d'autor de la République Populaire de Chine [16] en vigueur sus le continent (hors Macau e Hong Kong:

  • Article 5: La lei ne s'applique per als cas spécifiés dins Template:PD-PRC-exempt.
  • Article 20: The rights of authorship, alteration and integrity of an author shall be unlimited in time. These are moral rights.
  • Article 21:
    • A copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years following the end of the calendar year of death.
    • A legal entity or other organization or in respect of a work created in the course of employment enjoys the copyright for 50 years since the first publication.
    • A cinematographic work, a work created by virtue of an analogous method of film production or a photographic work is copyrighted for 50 years since the first publication.
    • All of the preceding terms expire on December 31 of the last year.
  • Article 59 has restored copyright. The same thing has also been written in Article 55 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China dated 1990 (zh:中华人民共和国著作权法/1990年).[17] One should not simply assume that works made in China before the 1990 laws are in the public domain.

According to the Chinese Civil Law Article 100 photos of regular people may not be published without their consent， if the person can be identified. The use of the image for profit (comercially) without his consent shall be prohibited.

Hong Kong[edit]

According to Chapter 528 Copyright Ordinance, in Section 17 Duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, in the law of Hong Kong, a work's copyright expires 50 years after the last death of known authors, or the work's first publication for unknown authorship, or the year it made when the work is never made public and with unknown authorship. The above-mentioned ordinance does not apply to the work of Hong Kong Government, Legislative Council and certain international organizations. Their copyrights are under separate ordinances. [18]

Macau[edit]

According to the Copyright Law (Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M):

  • Article 6: Official works are not protected. See also Template:PD-MacaoGov.
  • Article 21: Generally, copyright shall lapse 50 years after the death of the creator of the work, even in the case of works disclosed or published posthumously, to expire at the end of the last year.
  • Article 51: Non-Macanese works are copyrightable in Macau for the Macanese copyright duration or the home country or area, whichever is less, i.e. the rule of the shorter term applies in Macau.
  • Article 106: The copyright in an audiovisual work shall lapse 50 years after its disclosure.
  • Article 148: The copyright in works of applied art shall lapse 25 years after the completion of the work.
  • Article 155: The copyright in photographic works shall lapse 25 years after their completion, even if they have never been disclosed or published.
  • Article 182: The rights of performers shall lapse 50 years after the performance.
  • Article 188: The rights of producers of phonograms and videograms shall lapse 50 years after fixation.
  • Article 192: The rights of broadcasting organizations shall lapse 20 years after the broadcast.

Corée del Sud[edit]

For photographs and most other works, copyright persists until 50 years after the death of the last surviving creator. See s:Copyright_Act_of_South_Korea#SECTION_7_Protection_Period_of_Authors.27_Property_Rights for exact details.

For audio files and broadcasts, the term of protection ends 50 years after creation. According to Chapter IV Section 5 of the Copyright Act:

The protection period of neighboring rights shall come into effect from the following date and continue to subsist for a period of 50 years from the next year of such date:

1. For stage performances when the stage performance takes place;
2. For phonograms when the first fixation of sounds is made; and
3. For broadcastings when the broadcasting is made.

Note that, for musical recordings, the underlying musical work will also need to be out of copyright.

For deciding if the work is out of copyright in the U.S., it's necessary to figure out whether the work was in copyright in 1996. If a work went out of copyright before the 1986 act extended copyright terms from 30 years to 50 years, it does not regain copyright. The act came into force in 1987, hence, works where all authors died before 1957 are out of copyright in both South Korea and the U.S. (See Yunjeong Choi, Development of Copyright Protection in Korea: its History, Inherent Limits, and Suggested Solutions, Brook. J. Int'l L. 28 (2003), pp. 643-673.)

Danemark[edit]

According to Danish law, Consolidated Act on Copyright 2003, the copyright on "photographic images" expire 50 years after the image's creation. However, for "photographic works" the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. The definition of a photographic work, as opposed to image is not precisely defined. In general a work is considered to have to display some form of originality or other special artistic properties. Simple snap-shots do not qualify as works. Interpretation is highly subjective. There is some debate as to whether all works by a professional photographer constitute works as opposed to simple images.

Égypte[edit]

Egyptian Law states that photos paintings and drawing are protected for 25 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

Per Article 167, Audio recordings are in copyright for 50 years after publication.

Espagne[edit]

In Spain the "copyright" is known as "intellectual property". Generally, according to Spanish law, Royal Act 1/1996, on April 12, about Intellectual Property (Spanish PDF), the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. If the "intellectual property" of the work isn't owned by anybody, or it is a collective work where individual authors are not identifiable, this work would be on public domain after 70 years since the date of publication. However, works of authors who died before December 7, 1987 are dealt with by the 1879 law, which sets a protection time of 80 years post mortem auctoris.[19]

70-year limits are calculated from January 1, the following year to the date of the death or publication.

Exceptions to this (that may be useful in commons) are:

  • The pieces of work situated permanently in parks, streets, squares and other public ways can be reproduced, distributed and communicated freely by using paintings, drawings, photographies and audiovisual procedures.
  • Legal or ruling dispositions and their correspondent projects, resolutions of jurisdictional organs and acts, agreements, deliberations and reports of public organizations, and so official translations of all these texts are not subjected to "intellectual property".

Estonie[edit]

According to the Republic of Estonia Copyright law Public sources: Copyright does not apply to works of folklore, legislation and administrative documents, court decisions and official translations thereof; official symbols of the state and insignia of organisations. Copyright does not apply to reproduction of work by libraries, archives or museums.

It is permitted, without the authorization of the author and without payment of remuneration, to reproduce works of architecture, works of visual art, works of applied art or photographic works which are permanently located in places open to the public by any means except for mechanical contact copying, and to communicate such reproductions of works to the public except if the work is the main subject of the reproduction and it is intended to be used for direct comercial purposes. If the work specified carries the name of its author, it shall be indicated in communicating the reproduction to the public.

États arabes[edit]

Les leis applicables proviennent del Arab Committee for Protecting Intellectual Property e Arab Law Group Organization.

Estats Units[edit]

Tout est ici :
http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html
Tout ce qui a été publié avant le 1er janvier 1923 est dins le domaine public. Tout ce qui est publié avant le 1er janvier 1964 et n'a pas été renouvelé se trouve dins le domaine public (rechercher les renouvellements per les livres e cartes ici). Tout ce qui est publié avant le 1er mars 1989 sans mentionner de droits d'autor (absence des symboles "©", "Copyright" o "Copr.", plus l'année de publication (parfois omise), plus le détenteur del copyright) se trouve dins le domaine public.


Photographic works created after January 1, 1978 are protected for 70 years after the death of the creator. Works created but not published before January 1, 1978 are protected for 95 years from the date they were registered for copyright, or 95 (for anonymous or pseudonymous works) or 120 years (for works by individuals) from year of creation, whichever expires first. (see [20] for more information)

Trabalhs del gouvernement des Estats Units[edit]

Une òbra del gouvernement fédéral des Estats Units se trouve toujours dins le domaine public.

  • Ceci s'applique tanben als trabalhs de certains gouvernements d'états, mais pas tous.
  • Ceci n'inclut pas les compagnies publiques coma Amtrak o USPS (par exemple, USPS détient un copyright sus tous les timbres postals émis après 1978 ; les timbres plus anciens sont dins le domaine public).
  • Ceci n'inclut pas non plus les trabalhs commissionnés per le gouvernement mas produits per des sous-traitants, où le copyright peut èsser détenu per le gouvernement (coma le manuel del langage de programmation Ada)
  • Certaines agences gouvernementales peuvent travailler en coopération amb d'autres agences o des compagnies, per exemple la NASA qui travaille amb le CalTech per le Jet Propulsion Laboratory, o amb l'ESA e le CNES sus d'autres projets. Seuls les trabalhs produits exclusivement per la NASA sont dins le domaine public, les autres agences peuvent détenir un copyright (une notice le précisera dins ce cas).
  • Les images des sites Web del gouvernement o d'une agence gouvernementale ne sont pas nécessairement dins le domaine public, il faut toujours rechercher una notice de copyright.
  • Commercial use of some Federal images, such as identifying insignia or identification, is prohibited however. Fraudulent use (such as wearing military decorations without authorization) is also banned. However, restrictions of this nature are not within the scope of Commons policy.
    • The United States Army Institute of Heraldry— the official custodian of ALL United States governmental images has addressed this issue with its Copyright statement, which informs the reader as to how to meet any comercial needs under this statute.

Finlande[edit]

According to Finnish Copyright law of 2005 copyright expires for photographs not considered to be "works of art" fifty years after the photograph was taken. Photographs considered to be "works of art" are protected normally for 70 years after the death of the works creator. The difference between a photograph and photographic work of art is not precisely defined. As an example, the (legally not binding) opinion of the Finnish Copyright Council [21] is that this photograph of Paavo Nurmi "-- is despite its historical importance a regular photo of current events. The photograph does not demonstrate original and personal contribution from the photographer and so it can't be considered to be -- a photographic work."

The copyright law of 1991 extended the copyright time from 25 years (according to the 1961 copyright law) to 50 years. However, material already released to public domain according to the 1961 law remain in public domain and therefore all photographs (but not photographic works of art) released before 1966 are in the public domain.

The textual representations of Finnish coat of arms of municipalities, regions and provinces are considered to be governmental decisions and therefore they are not protected by copyright. According to the opinions of the Finnish Copyright Council 1997:11 and 1998:5 also the graphical representation is thought not to meet the requirements for a original work of art and therefore is not protected by copyright. This is also thought to be true for the coat of arms of historical provinces and other historical coats of arms.

Photos of works of art exhibited in public spaces can only be used for non-comercial purposes, unless it is clear that the work is not the main subject in the photo (freedom of panorama). There are no restrictions on photos of general buildings but a single home or yard may not be photographed.

Personnes[edit]

[22]

Photos of people who are of public interest (famous politician, artist, sportsman) and who are carrying out their public duties or work may be published without consent.

Photos of regular people in public places[23] may not be published without their consent unless the person is clearly not the main subject of the image and the picture does not cause damage, suffering or despisal to the person in the picture.

However, if the person can be identified, the image may never be used in advertisement (comercially) without consent.


France[edit]

Les leis françaises relatives al droit d'autor figurent dins le premier tome del Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle, en abrégé CPI (Version anglaise). Lo code inclut des dispositions transposant la directive européenne de 1993 sus les droits d'autor. La lei française prend également en compte la Convention de Berne.

La durada normale des droits d'autor est de 70 ans décomptés a partir de la fin de l'année del décès de l'autor (ou del décès del dernier autor si l'òbra en a plusieurs). Si l'òbra est anonyme o est produite jos un pseudonyme o per un collectif, les 70 années sont décomptées a partir de la date de publication de l'òbra (à moins que l'autor se soit désigné entre temps). Voir çaijós per les cas d'extension de la durada.

Photos présentes sus les sites gouvernementaux[edit]

Il faut saver que les organismes publics français utilisent, per effectuer leurs photos, le service de photographes professionnels qui ne sont pas des fonctionnaires. Ces photographes en général vendent un droit d'usage al service gouvernemental. De ce fait le service public ne détient pas le droit d'autor sus la photographie e ne peut pas céder les droits d'autor même s'il le veut.

Les règles relatives als droits d'autor sus les òbras produites per les services gouvernementaux sont confuses, e on deu considérer per défaut que tout ce qui émane del gouvernement est protégé per des droits d'autor. On peut se référer a :

Les lois, décrets, arrêtés e autres textes gouvernementaux similaires (mais pas les traductions e les comantaires associés) qui peuvent èsser trouvés sus le site deLégifrance sont dins le domaine public, ce qui semble èsser attesté per les clauses relatives al droit d'autor figurant sus ce site.

A moins que vous ne connaissiez parfaitement le contexte légal de votre acte, nous vous demandons de ne pas reprendre les photos figurant sus les sites des services publics français. Merci.

Extensions des droits d'autor liées a las 2 guerres mondiales[edit]

La lei française prévoit des prorogations per faits de guerre de la durada des droits d'autor, accordées a las òbras publiées avant o pendant les conflits mondiaux del XXe siècle, e ajoutées a la durada normale de ces droits, afin de compenser les pertes d'exploitation occasionnées per ces guerres (vejatz CPI L123-8 e seguent).

Ces extensions sont de :

  • 6 ans e 152 jours per la première guerre mondiale
  • 8 ans e 120 jours per la seconde guerre mondiale
  • 30 ans supplémentaires per les personnes "mortes per la France"; aquesta disposition comprend per exemple les òbras de Alain Fournier (1 janvier 1915 +50+30+6+8 années +152+120 jours = 30 septembre 2009), Antoine de Saint-Exupéry e Jehan Alain. Les extensions peuvent se cumuler.

La directive européenne sus les droits d'autor ne supprime pas nécessairement ces extensions :

Article 10 - Lorsque la protection d'une oeuvre, dins la mesure où la durada de celle-ci n'est pas plus longue que celle prévue per la directive (70 ans), est toujours en cours dins le Pays Membre a la date indiquée dins l'article 13, l'application de la directive ne deu pas aver per effet de raccourcir la durada d'application des droits d'autor dins le pays membre.

Selon le Ministère de la Culture français, le statut légal de ces extensions adoptées alors que la durada des droits d'autor était fixée a 50 ans, n'est pas clair dins le cadre de la nouvelle lei allongeant la durada de protection a 70 ans. Lo ministre demande a ce que les prorogations per années de guerre ne soient pas "malmenées" per les nouvelles dispositions e recommande donc de se baser sus l'hypothèse la plus favorable als autors per calculer la durada de protection, ce qui revient a ajouter les prorogations de guerre a la période de protection de 70 ans après la mort de l'autor.[24]

Il faut noter que l'on ne deu pas considérer que les détenteurs de droit d'autor ne font pas jouer ces extensions. En 2005 les détenteurs des droits d'autor demandèrent una compensation financière al producteur d'une film dont un des personnage sifflait l'Internationale dont l'autor était mort en 1932. (Voir le modèle Template:PD-Internationale per plus d'informations sus la durada de la protection de aquesta òbra). D'un autre côté la Cour d'Appel de Paris rejeta una demande d'application des extensions en 2004 [25], mas le 12 octobre 2005, una autre section de aquesta même cour appliqua l'extension a las òbras del peintre Giovanni Boldini décédé en 1931 e dont les òbras ne tomberont, a la suite de ce jugement, dins le domaine public que fin 2016 [26].

Lo 27 février 2007 la oc:Cour de Cassation a conclu dins le cadre de l'affaire "Hazan" (arrêté n°280 del 27 février 2007) que les articles L123-8 e L123-9 allongeant la durada de protection per compenser les années de guerre, n'étaient pas systématiquement applicables : la période de 70 ans retenue per harmoniser la durada de protection des droits d’autor al sein de la Communauté européenne couvre les prolongations per fait de guerre accordées per certains Etats membres, hormis les cas où al 1er juillet 1995, una période de protection plus longue avait, dins ces pays, comancé a courir, laquelle est alors seule applicable [27][28].

Lo jugement concernant l'oeuvre de Giovannu Boldini fut également cassé per la meteissa cour : [29].

En pratique seules subsistent les extensions per les autors "Mort per la France" e les òbras musicales car per ces dernières les droits d'autor avaient été étendus en 1985 avant que la résolution européenne sus l'extension des droits d'autor a 70 ans soit adoptée (1997).


Œuvres d'art y compris les òbras architecturales situées dins des lieux publics[edit]

L'architecte d'un immeuble remarquable détient les droits d'autor sus les représentations où figurent ce bâtiment, ce qui inclut les cartes postales e les photographies. Per exemple l'architecte de la pyramide de la cour del Louvre peut exiger des droits d'autor sus l'exploitation de toutes les photographies qui représentent aquesta pyramide. Cette règle s'applique également al concepteur de l'éclairage d'un bâtiment; per exemple la société qui gère la Tour Eiffel a demandé des droits d'autor sus les photos représentant la Tour Eiffel éclairée de nuit.

La lei admet traditionnellement una exception a son application lorsque l'òbra d'art est accessoire dins la photo (CA Paris, 27 octobre 1992, Antenne 2 contre société Spadem, « la représentation d'une òbra située dins un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire per rapport al sujet principal représenté o traité »). Ainsi la décision de justice n°567 del 15 mars 2005 de la Cour de Cassation a refusé de reconnaître les droits des réalisateurs d'òbras d'art installées sus una place publique qui attaquaient les autors de photographies de la place entière.

La Cour rejette le pourvoi en considérant qu'« ayant relevé que, telle que figurant dins les vues en cause, l'òbra de MM. X e Z se fondait dins l'ensemble architectural de la place des Terreaux dont elle constituait un simple élément, la Cour d'appel en a exactement déduit qu'une telle présentation de l'òbra litigieuse était accessoire al sujet traité, résidant dins la représentation de la place, de sorte qu'elle ne réalisait pas la communication de aquesta òbra al public ».

La lei indique que l'òbra d'art concernée ne deu pas aver été incluse intentionnellement coma un élément del décor : sa présence dins l'imatge deu èsser inévitable (CA Versailles, 26 janvier 1998, Sté Movie box contre Spadem e a.) :

« Constitue una représentation illicite d'une statue de Maillol la diffusion d'un film publicitaire dins laquelle elle figure, alors qu'elle a été utilisée, non pas dins una séquence tournée en décor naturel, ce qui justifierait una apparition fugace de la sculpture, placée dins le jardin des Tuileries, totalement accessoire al sujet traité, mas coma un élément del décor.

Mais alors que les architectes ont des droits sus les oeuvres dérivées de leurs réalisation, ce n'est pas le cas des propriétaires d'immeubles considérés coma des òbras d'art. Lo résumé des conclusions de l'arrêté del 7 mai 2004 de la Cour de Cassation stipule que :

le droit de propriété ... ne comporte pas un droit exclusif per le propriétaire sus l'imatge de son bien; il peut toutefois s'opposer a l'utilizacion de aqueste image per un tiers lorsqu'elle lui cause un trouble anormal.

Dans sa décision, la cour exclut que le propriétaire de l'hôtel, qui avait fait des trabalhs de restauration coûteux de l'hôtel particulier, puisse réclamer des droits exclusifs sus les photos de l'hôtel: per ailleurs il n'a pas été démontré que la publication de photos constituait un trouble anormal.

La Cour a également statué le 5 juin 2003, "qu'il n'y a pas de droit del propriétaire sus l'imatge de son bien". Mais per contre elle met en avant le respect de la vie privée del propriétaire : dins ce cas, non seulement il y avait eu publication d'une maison (la photo d'une propriété, vue depuis un lieu public, est légale car ne fait pas partie de la propriété), mas le nom e l'adresse exacte de la propriété avaient été fournis ce qui constituait una atteinte al respect de la vie privée. Une décision précédente del (2 mai 2001) avait rejeté una demande basée sus la propriété, qui n'avait pu justifier d'un trouble anormal.

Les autres droits liés a l'imatge de la propriété sont en fait ceux del designer/architecte de la propriété, de manière analogue al droit artistique, qui relève del droit d'autor mas ni del droit de propriété ni del droit d'usage. Cela signifie que même l'autorisation del propriétaire n'est pas suffisante per faire una photo légalement utilisable, mas per contre le propriétaire ne peut pas s'opposer a la publication de la photo si l'autorisation en a été donnée per le designer/architecte, dins la mesure où il n'y pas atteinte a la vie privée (l'emplacement exact de la maison e les noms des propriétaires ne peuvent pas èsser cités dins l'imatge si le propriétaire est una personne physique, a moins que celui l'ait autorizat).

Photographies de tablèus[edit]

(Copié de http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion_Wikipèdia:Wikipedia,_moralité_et_législation)

«S'agissant des photographies de tablèus, seul le critère de l'originalité deu conduire a accepter o a rejeter le bénéfice del droit d'autor al photographe. La cour de cassation renvoie aquesta appréciation als seuls juges del fond. Il n'y a donc que des cas d'espèces, una appréciation in concreto. Après quelques années de vaches maigres, les positions très libérales de la cour d'appel de Paris, concédant volontiers la protection del droit d'autor e décélant una originalité al moindre soupçon d'éclairage supplémentaire, ne reflètent pas l'ensemble de la jurisprudence. Lo TGI de Paris a ainsi récemment (un jugement del 29 avril 2003, LHOIR) rejeté les demandes d'un photographe de tablèus. Un point intéressant sus la situation en droit français peut èsser lu à http://www.d2nt.com/d2nt/news/admin/download.php3?id=21 (lien périmé). En ce qui me concerne, e sauf si l'originalité de la photographie me saute als yeux, je n'éprouve aucune hésitation a uploader des photographies de tablèus qui ne sont plus eux-mêmes protégés per le droit d'autor. La protection des oeuvres al bénéfice de Cézanne e de ses ayants droits, oui ; la protection subséquente, e virtuellement illimitée, des photographies de son oeuvre, non. Sauf... si le cliché fait manifestement foi d'un travail original supplémentaire (cadrage, éclairage, bordures, etc).» Utilisateur:Villy 20 mai 2004 a 23:06 (CEST).

Tout le code de la Propriété Intellectuelle est ici : http://www.celog.fr/cpi/

Inde[edit]

Toutes les photographies publiées en Inde il y a plus de 60 ans sont dins le domaine public en Inde e dins les pays qui reconnaissent la lei indienne coma valide (coma la France, per exemple). [30], [31].

Per les autres òbras :

"The general rule is that copyright lasts for 60 years. In the case of original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works the 60-year period is counted from the year following the death of the author. In the case of cinematograph films, sound recordings, photographs, posthumous publications, anonymous and pseudonymous publications, works of government and works of international organisations, the 60-year period is counted from the date of publication."

[Comment: Note that, in the case of sound recordings, it may be that the underlying music is still in copyright while the recording itself is not, so a little care is necessary. Probably best to use some precaution, and make sure both the music and recording are out of copyright, unless someone can clarify further.]

Indonésie[edit]

Translated from Indonesian Copyright Act No. 19, 2002 ([32] in Indonesian):

Chapter II, Section 5, about the limitation of copyright.

Article 14: Not viewed as violations of copyright:

  • Publication and/or distribution of the country's coat of arms or national anthem if there is no modification from the original.
  • Publication and/or distribution of any work that has been published and/or distributed by or in the name of the Government, except if the copyright of the object is stated as protected, either in law or in writing on the work, at the time the work was published and/or distributed.
  • Quotations of news reports, in full or in part, from any news agency, broadcasting agency, newspaper or any other similar source, provided the source is cited in full.

Chapter III, about copyright duration.

Article 29

  • Copyright of books, pamphlets, and all written works; plays and musicals, dance and choreography; all forms of three-dimensional art such as paintings and sculpture; batik; songs and music with or without lyrics; architecture; speeches, lectures, speeches and similar works; display materials; maps and translations interpretations, adaptations and anthologies lasts for the life of the author and for 50 (fifty) years after the author dies.

Article 30

  • Copyright of software, cinematography, photography, databases and engineering products lasts for 50 years after the initial publication of the work.

Iran[edit]

According to the Iranian "Law for Supporting Authors, Composers, and Artists" (قانون حمایت حقوق مؤلفان و مصنفان و هنرمندان), passed on 11 Dey 1348 (January 1, 1970) and published in the official newspaper number 7288 on 21 Bahman 1348 (February 1, 1970), for many images, including paintings, the work is in the public domain if all of its authors have died for at least 30 Iranian years (may be different from 30 Gregorian years by a few days).

As special exceptions, if the work is cinematic or photographic or if the (economic) rights of a work have been transferred to a legal person, the work will become public domain after 30 Iranian years from its publication or offering.

Irak[edit]

Iraqi Law states that photos are protected for 5 years, starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

Irlande[edit]

According to section 24 of the Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000, all literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works enter the public domain after seventy years counted from the beginning of the following calendar year (ie. as of 2008, prior to 1938-01-01) after either the death of the author, or, if the author is unknown or pseudonymous, the date of publication.

Israel[edit]

According to the Israeli Copyright act, 2007, article 38, works are protected until 70 years after their author's death. Pictures are protected until 70 years after their photographer's death, unless the pictures were taken before May 1st. 2008 - in which case the pictures are protected for 50 years from the day the picture was taken, unless the pictures were taken by a public authority (the government) in which case the pictures are protected for 50 years from the day of publication. Freedom of Panorama applies: Taking and publishing photos of works of art—if these are permanently installed in a public place – and of architectural works is allowed.

Italie[edit]

In compliance to Italian copyright law term of copyright expires according to law of 22 April 1941 n. 633, revised by the law of 22 May 2004, n. 128 article 87 and article 92, all non artistic photographs enter the public domain after 20 years counted from the beginning of the following calendar year (i.e. as of 2018, prior to the 1st of January, 1998) after they were first published, this rule is valid also for Italian film's screenshot. Artistic photographs enter in the public domain after 70 years.

The theory that the 70 year rule applies to works of the Italian government is unproven and disputed. See Template talk:PD-ItalyGov.

Jamaïque[edit]

According to the copyright act of Jamaica copyright expires:

  • 50 years after the death of the author
  • 50 years after publication if the author could not be determined.

Japon[edit]

According to the Japanese Copyright Law, the copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years (article 51). If the work is anonymous or pseudonymous, the copyright lasts for 50 years after the publication or the death of the author, whichever is the earlier (article 52). The copyrights of the works in names of organizations expire in 50 years after the publication, or in 50 years after the creation if the works are not published within 50 years after the creation (article 53). Since June 18, 2003 cinematographic works are exceptionally protected for 70 years, instead of 50 years, after the publication, or in 70 years after the creation if the films are not published within 70 years of the creation (article 54).

For audio recordings, the term is 50 years after publication ([http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl4.html Per Chapter IV, Section 6, Article 110).


In July 2006, a Japanese court ruled that all movies produced in Japan prior to 1953 were to be made available into the public domain. See template {{PD-Japan-film}} for details. (Websites [33](dead link) and [34](dead link) presents another information. Please verify it on official Japanese websites in official Japanese documents.)

Works correspond to the following are not eligible for copyrights (article 13).

  • The constitution, and other laws and ordinances.
  • Announcements and notifications by the organizations of the national or local governments.
  • Judicial decisions of the law courts.

Jordanie[edit]

Jordanian Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 25 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

Kenia[edit]

Copyright protection exists during the life of the author and 50 years after his or her death for works other than photographs or 50 years after the first publication for photographs. [35]

Kowait[edit]

Kuwaiti Law states that photos, films and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

Liban[edit]

Lebanese copyright law from 1999 states that works are protected for 50 years after the author's death (#49) and 50 years after publication for anonymous work (#52). Moral rights are perpetual.

Malaisie[edit]

According to the Copyright act of 1987 copyright subsists until 50 years after the death of the author. Copyright for unpublished work subsists for 50 years after first publication. For anonymous or pseudonymous work copyright subsists for 50 years after publication unless the author is made known. According to article 11 works by the Government, Governmental Organizations and International organizations are subject to copyright until 50 years after publication (article 23).

Mexique[edit]

According to the Mexican law (See Art. 29: Ley federal del derecho de autor, critical comantary, in Spanish) a copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 100 years following the end of the calendar year of death of the youngest author or the publication date in case of the federal, state or municipal governments. There is one exception: works that were already in the public domain before July 23, 2003. Generally speaking, that means works created by someone who had died before July 23, 1928 (75 years before).

For a brief guide to Mexican copyright law see User:Drini/Mexican copyright law. Also note works created by the Mexican government do not default to PD, they being protected 100 years after publishing (art. 29)

Mongolie[edit]

Under the Law of Mongolia on Copyright, protection of works first published in Mongolia expires:

  • 50 years after the death of the creator(s)
  • 75 years after publication for anonymous and pseudonymous works
  • 75 years after creation when created by a legal person (organisation, business, authority)
  • 25 years after creation for photographic works and works of applied art

Combining this in an optimal way with US regulations, works first published in Mongolia can be uploaded and tagged with {{PD-Mongolia}} in any of the following cases:

  • Any photographic image or other applied art created before 1972 (PD in Mongolia before 1997)
  • Any pseudonymous work if it was published more than 75 years ago (Mongolian law)
  • Any work by a legal person if it was created more than 75 years ago (Mongolian law) AND published before 1964 (US law, no renewal)
  • Any other work if the creator(s) died more than 50 years ago (Mongolian law) AND it was published before 1964 (US law, no renewal)

If we can show that the original publication was made without a copyright notice, then the 1964 limit moves ahead to 1989.

Moral rights (eg. the right to be named as an author) cannot be transferred and don't expire.

Maroc[edit]

Moroccan Law states that photos and films are Protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

Namibie[edit]

  • Photographs are protected 50 years from the end of the publication year, or from the end of the year it was made, if unpublished : copyright act 1994, §6 b
  • Literary or musical work or an artistic work, other than a photograph are copyrighted for a period of 50 years from the end of the year in which the author dies, if published : copyright act 1994, §6 a

Nouvelle-Zélande[edit]

Literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works are protected for life plus 50 years under the Copyright Act of 1994. Sound recordings and films, broadcasts and cable programmes are protected for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it was made or broadcast to the public, whichever is later. Works of artistic craftsmanship industrially applied are protected for 25 years.(Source: New Zealand Ministry for Economic Development)

Norvège[edit]

Works are protected 70 years after author's death, or 70 years after publication if the author is unknown/anonymous. There is one exception: Photos that are not considered artistic works (i.e. snapshots) are protected until no less than 15 years after the photographer's death and no less than 50 years after publication.

Photos of works of art exhibited in public spaces can only be used for non-comercial purposes, unless it is clear that the work is not the main subject in the photo (freedom of panorama). There are no restrictions on photos of buildings.

Photos of people may not be published without their consent unless either a) the image illustrates a current event of interest the general public, or b) the person is clearly not the main subject of the image (i.e. passers-by may be included unless they fill an unreasonable amount of the image) or c) the image depicts a gathering, an outdoor parade or something which is of interest to the general public. This is part of the Copyright Act, and thus might affect the right to publish an image under a free license, as the person depicted retains the right to refuse use of the image.

There are no such thing as public domain, yet there are a similar notion of works that fall in the free. Exclusive rights will then cease to apply but you still have to attribute the creator and any use should give to creator and work proper "respect". That means the works are in some sort of semi-nonderivative state. You can change it but if any of the heirs object it will be unlawful to use.

Texts of laws and decisions, reports and statements made and published by state or local authorities are not protected by copyright, but images used in such publications may be protected unless they were made specifically for the publication.

Recordings of performances are copy-protected for 50 years[36], after which time they may be used freely (the material of the performance may still be bound by copyright, however).

Norwegian currency is protected by copyright (see Commons:Currency#Norway).

Pakistan[edit]

According to Pakistani copyright laws, all photographs enter the public domain fifty years after they were created, and all non-photographic works enter the public domain fifty years after the death of the creator.

Paraguay[edit]

Paraguay passed a new copyright law in 1998. This law replaced any earlier legislation and was fully retroactive (see artcile 181). Works are copyrighted in Paraguay until 70 years after the death of the last surviving author (70 years p.m.a.; article 47), or for 70 years since the disclosure of an anonymous work. If the author of an anonymous work becomes known during these 70 years, 70 years p.m.a. applies (article 48). Copyright on collections, computer programs, audiovisual works, and broadcasts last for 70 years since the publication or completion of the work, but individual contributions are copyrighted to 70 years p.m.a. (article 49). Moral rights (attribution, integrity of the work) do not expire, and Paraguay has a domaine publique payant (i.e., for uses of public domain works, a fee must be paid top the state; see article 55).

Paraguay makes a distinction between photographic works and simple photographs. Any photograph that is not a work is copyrighted until 50 years since its creation (article 135).

Paraguay does have the "freedom of panorama", i.e., works permanently placed at public places (open-air only) may be freely reproduced by two-dimensional means such as photography, or filming (articles 39(4) and 41(4)).

The term for the neighbouring rights on performances, phonograms, and broadcasts is 50 years since the first performance, publication of the recording, or first broadcast.

Pays-Bas[edit]

Les publications du gouvernement hollandais sont soumises al copyright uniquement si elles sont accompagnées d'une notice de copyright. Voir aquesta loi, l'exception est dins l'article 15b.

Works of individual authors enjoy copyright protection until 70 years after the 1st January following the author's death. The duration of the copyright belonging jointly to two or more persons in their capacity as co-authors of a work shall be calculated from 1 January of the year following the year of the death of the last surviving co-author. The copyright in a work of which the author has not been indicated or has not been indicated in such a way that his identity is beyond doubt shall, or a public institution, association, foundation or company is deemed the author, expires 70 years after 1 January of the year following that in which the work was first lawfully communicated to the public.

Perou[edit]

The Peruvian copyright law of April 23, 1996, which entered in force on May 24, 1996, states in its transitional provisions that "[works] protected under the previous legislation shall benefit from the longer terms of protection provided for in this law". It is unclear whether that aplso applies to works where previous shorter terms had already expired.

The 1996 law has a copyright term of 70 years p.m.a. (70 years since publication for anonymous/pseudonymous works, articles 52–56). Performers' neighboring rights also last until 70 years p.m.a. (article 135), for phonograms and broadcasts, the term is 70 years since publication or the initial broadcast or transmission (articles 139 and 142).

Note that any video, whether it qualifies as an "audiovisual work" or not, is protected until 70 years after the publication (or its creation, if not published in that time; article 143). Likewise, photographs that are not "works" are copyrighted for 70 years since the photo was taken (article 144). Peru also has a publication right with a term of 10 years since the publication.

The Philippines[edit]

Copyrighted photographs are protected for 50 years after publication. Works by the government of the Philippines are not protected by copyright. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work was created is necessary for exploitation of such works for profit. (Republic Act 8293)

Pologne[edit]

According to the Art.3 of copyright law of March 29, 1926 (valid until 1952) and Art. 2 of copyright law of July 10, 1952 of the People's Republic of Poland, all photographs by Polish photographers (or published for the first time in Poland or simultaneously in Poland and abroad) printed without a clear copyright notice before the law was changed on May 23, 1994 are public domain. Status of those photographs did not change after Polish Copyright Law of February 4, 1994 was enacted. (See: Template:PD-Polish)

According to the Polish Copyright Law of February 4, 1994 (Article 4, case 2) "governmental symbols, documents, materials and signs are not subject to copyrights". However in some instances the use of this image in Poland might be regulated by other laws. It is being debated if postage stamps and banknotes fall into this category. (See: Template:PD-Polishsymbol)

According to the Art.21 of copyright law of March 29, 1926 (valid until 1952) photographs lose copyright protection ten years after picture was taken. Series of scientific or artistic pictures lose copyright protection after 50 years. According to Art. 27 of copyright law of July 10, 1952 (valid until May 23, 1994) photographs and series of photographs lose copyright protection ten years after publication date. However, retroactive Polish Copyright Law of February 4, 1994 Art. 124, put all those images back under copyright protection, for 70 years since the death of the author.

The copyright act from February 4, 1994 in article 33 point 1 allows to propagate works that are permanently exhibited on the publicly accessible roads, streets, squares or gardens provided that the propagation is not for the same use. The name of the creator and source should be provided if it is possible by article 34. This use is royalty free, provided that it does not harm the legitimate interests of the creator by article 34.

Roumanie[edit]

The current Romanian copyright law goes back to 1996, when Law no. 8 of March 14, 1996 on Copyright and Neighboring Rights entered in force on June 25, 1996.[37] The law is very close to the Spanish copyright law; it has a general copyright term of 70 years p.m.a.. The law reprotected works on which the shorter copyright terms from the earlier law had already expired; such reprotection became valid from June 25, 1996 on (article 149(3)).

This new Romanian copyright law has been amended several times since 1996.

The previous law on authors' rights in Romania was decree no. 321 from June 18, 1956, published on June 27, 1956. It had much shorter copyright terms (see articles 6 and 7). The earlier copyright law was the law on authors' rights from June 28, 1923, itself modified by the law no. 596 from July 24, 1946, the decree no. 19 from February 16, 1951, the decree no. 428 from November 13, 1952, and the decree no. 591 of December 17, 1955.

The 1923 law had a copyright term of 30 years p.m.a. if heirs existed, the 1956 law had a general term of 50 years p.m.a. (50 years since publication for works created by a legal entity). Shorter terms in the 1956 law existed for authors of entries in encyclopedias and dictionaries (20 years since publication), and for photographers (5 years since publication for individual artistic photos, 10 years for a series of such). But all these shorter terms were overridden by the 1996 law, and are of historical interest only (for instance, to determine whether or not a work was still copyrighted on the URAA date).

Russie e anciens états de l'Union Soviétique[edit]

Copyrights of works created in Russia was based on the Russian copyright law of 1993 and its amendments of 1995 and 2004 (Федеральный закон от 9.07.1993 № 5351-1). Since January 1, 2008, intellectual property rights are regulated by Russian law 230-FL of 2006: Part IV of the Civil Code, together with the Russian law 231-FL of 2006: Implementation act for Part IV of the Civil Code. This new law replaced all previous IP laws in Russia.

The same law applies to the works from the former Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, since Russia is recognized as one of the twelve (12) legal successors of the USSR (as a federation of republics). Copyrights of works originating from other former Soviet republics may be claimed by the corresponding w:post-Soviet states too.

See Commons:Copyright tags#Russia and former Soviet Union for specific copyright tags.

See also:{{PD-Ukraine}}, as one of specific post-Soviet tags.

Note: There was a discussion whether pre-1973 works from the Soviet Union are copyright-free, originating in the period of uncertainty after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was concluded that this theory is incorrect; see discussions in en:Template talk:PD-USSR and Template talk:PD-Soviet.

Royaume-Uni[edit]

As with the rest of the European Union the basic copyright term in the United Kingdom is life of the author plus 70 years. There are a number of variations on this however. Works in the United Kingdom fall into two categories for the purposes of copyright duration: government works and non-government works. The former are covered by Crown copyright and Parliamentary copyright and their special duration rules and the latter by ordinary copyright duration rules.

Crown copyright[edit]

Crown copyright works have a basic term of protection of 50 years from date of comercial publication. For Crown works created before the entry into force of the Copyright Act 1956 on 30 June 1957 other rules apply. Crown copyright photographs created prior to 30 June 1957 have a copyright term of 50 years from creation. Published Crown copyright engravings created prior to 30 June 1957 have a copyright term of 50 years from comercial publication. Unpublished Crown copyright engravings of the period come out of copyright at the end of 2039. Crown artistic works other than engravings and photographs created prior to 30 June 1957 have a copyright term of 50 years from creation.

Further special rules apply to Crown artistic works created between 30 June 1957 and the entry into force of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 on 1 August 1989. Published engravings created in this period are still out of copyright 50 years after comercial publication. Unpublished engravings created in this period come out of copyright at the end of 2039 as before. Published photographs are out of copyright 50 years after publication. Unpublished photographs come out of copyright at the end of 2039. Other artistic works come out of copyright 50 years after creation.

For a summary of these times see the flowchart at [38].

Crown copyright sound recordings are much more simple. Copyright expires 50 years after creation unless the work is comercially published during that period when copyright expires 50 years after first publication.

Parliamentary copyright[edit]

Parliamentary copyright was created by the Copyright Designs & Patents Act 1988 and its duration rules are the same as for Crown copyright materials created after 30 August 1989.

Ordinary copyright[edit]

For ordinary copyright works the largest distinction is between those with a known author and those with a pseudonymous or anonymous author. There are also distinctions in copyright term between artistic works and sound recordings. The comancement dates for the Copyright Act 1957 and the Copyright Designs & Patents Act 1988 are also crucial.

If the work was created after 30 August 1989 and has a known author copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. If the work was photograph with a known author taken before 30 June 1957 then copyright also expires 70 years after the death of the author. If the work is a non-photograph artistic work with a known author which was created prior to 30 August 1989 then several scenarios can apply:

  1. If the work was published during the author's lifetime then copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.
  2. If the work was published before 30 August 1989 and the author died more than 20 years before publication then copyright expires 50 years after publication.
  3. If the work was published before 30 August 1989 and the author died less than 20 years before publication then copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.
  4. If the work was not published before 30 August 1989 and the author died after 1968 then copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.
  5. If the work was not published before 30 August 1989 and the author died before 1969 then copyright expires at the end of 2039.

If the author is unknown then the basic time period to bear in mind is 70 years. If the work has an unknown author and was created after 30 August 1989 copyright expires either 70 years after creation or if during that period the work is made available to the public 70 years after that. If the work is a photograph with an unknown author taken before 1 June 1957 then copyright expires 70 years after creation or if during that period the work is made available to the public 70 years after that. If the work was created before 1969 with an unknown author then several scenarios can apply:

  1. If the work was published before 30 August 1989 then copyright expires 70 years after first publication.
  2. If the work is unpublished and was first made available to the public after 1968 then copyright expires 70 years after the work was first made available to the public.
  3. If the work is unpublished and has never been made available to the public then copyright expires at the end of 2039.
  4. If the work is unpublished and was first made available to the public before 1969 then copyright expires at the end of 2039.

For a summary of these rules see the flowchart [39].

The rules for ordinary copyright sound recordings are the same as for Crown copyright sound recordings.

Typographical copyright[edit]

If scanning a copyright-expired work from a British publication typographical copyright must be borne in mind. This subsists for 25 years from creation of the publication and covers the typographical arrangement of the publication. It does not exist in the United States.

Publication right[edit]

One related right to copyright that must be borne in mind in the United Kingdom is publication right. This applies to ordinary copyright works but does not apply to Crown copyright works. If the copyright of an unpublished work has expired (virtually impossible before 2039) then the first publisher of that work is entitled to publication right over that work. Publication right has the same rules as copyright but only lasts for 25 years. It does not exist in the United States.

Database right[edit]

If scanning material from a publication from 1982 or later database right must also be borne in mind. This right normally lasts 15 years from creation or substantial amendment of the database. Many books count as databases due to their systematic arrangement of information. Under transitional provisions works created from 1982-1997 are also covered by database right until the end of 2012, ie 15 years after the passage of the original legislation. It does not exist in the United States.

Exceptions to copyright[edit]

As with many other countries the UK defines an exception to copyright infringement for artistic works on public display. Section 62 of the Copyright Designs & Patents Act 1988 states that it is not an infringement of copyright to film, photograph, broadcast or make a graphic image of a building, sculpture, models for buildings or work of artistic craftsmanship if that work is permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.


Slovaquie[edit]

According to section 27 of the Slovak copyright law, Slovakia has freedom of panorama. Works permanently located at public places may be freely reproduced by drawing, painting, graphics, relief picture or relief model, or by photography or film, and such reproductions may be freely published and sold without the consent of the original author.

Soudan[edit]

Sudanese Law states that photos and films are protected for 25 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

Suède[edit]

Photographs published after 1994 are protected for 70 years after the author's death if they have an artistic or scientific value.[1] Photos that lack artistic value are only protected for 50 years after creation. If the photograph was published before 1994, transitional regulations apply—see {{PD-Sweden-photo}}.

Works of art permanently exhibited in public spaces can be used without consideration to the creator of the work of art, eg. freedom of panorama, and there are no restrictions on photos of buildings. (Upphovsrättslagen 24 §)

Governmental laws and ordinances, decisions and statements published by Swedish authorities, and official translations thereof, are not copyright protected. (Upphovsrättslagen 9 §)

An English translation of the Copyright Act is available at sweden.gov.se.

Suisse[edit]

En Suisse, le droit d'autor est réglé per la Loi sus le droit d'autor (vejatz tanben l'article w:Swiss copyright law sus Wikipèdia anglophone).

En règle générale, la durada de protection est de 70 ans après le décès de l'autor (ou del dernier autor s'il y en a plusieurs). Si l'autor est inconnu, la protection cesse 70 ans après la première publication. Cependant, aquesta durada de protection a été instaurée en 1993; précédémment, la durada était de 50 ans. Etant donné que l'augmentation de durada ne s'est pas faite de façon rétroactive, toutes les oeuvres dont les autors sont décédés avant le 1er janvier 1943 sont dins le domaine public en Suisse.

Un certain nombre d'oeuvres ne sont pas couvertes per le droit d'autor (selon l'article 5 de la loi):

  • les lois, ordonnances, traités internacionals e autres actes officiels;
  • les moyens de paiement (billets de banque);
  • les décisions, procès-verbals e rapports qui émanent des autorités o des administrations publiques;
  • les fascicules de brevets (y compris les demandes).

(Voir le modèle {{PD-Switzerland-official}} per ce qui concerne les documents officiels).

Per èsser couvert per le droit d'autor, una oeuvre deu aver un caractère individuel, c'est-à-dire qu'elle deu représenter l'expression individuelle de la pensée de son autor (art. 2 al. 1 de la loi). Un grand nombre de photos ne sont ainsi pas protégées (vejatz le modèle {{PD-Switzerland-photo}} per les détails).

Taiwan[edit]

According to the Copyright Act of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu:

  • Article 9: Works specified in Template:PD-ROC-exempt shall not be the subject matter of copyright.
  • Article 30:
    • Generally, economic rights endure for the life of the author and 50 years after the author's death.
    • Where a work is first publicly released between the 40th and 50th years after the author's death, the economic rights shall endure for a term of 10 years beginning from the time of the first public release.
  • Article 31: Economic rights in a joint work subsist for 50 years after the death of the last surviving author.
  • Article 32
    • Economic rights in a pseudonymous work or an anonymous work endure for 50 years from the time of public release; provided, the economic rights shall be extinguished where it can be proven that the author has been deceased for over 50 years.
    • The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply when the pseudonym of the author is well known to the public.
  • Article 33: Economic rights in works authored by a juristic person endure for 50 years after the public release of the work; provided, if the work is not publicly released within 50 years from the completion of the creation, the economic rights shall subsist for 50 years after completion of the creation.
  • Article 34:
    • Economic rights for photographic works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, and performances endure for 50 years after the public release of the work.
    • The proviso of the preceding article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding paragraph.
  • Article 35: All terms of duration specified in Articles 30 through 34 terminate as of the last day of the last year of the term.

Tadjikistan[edit]

Voir : ici, recopié depuis [40].

Copyright generally lasts for 50 years after the death of the author. Works not covered by copyright are covered in Article 7.

  1. official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and official translations thereof;
  2. state emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs);
  3. communications concerning events and facts that have informational character;
  4. works of folklore.

Anything that falls under this description can use {{PD-TJ-exempt}}.

Tchéquie[edit]

According to the Czech Copyright Law [41], §3 a) there is no copyright on official works, such as legal acts, public documents including those in preparation, documents published by the House of Representatives and Senate, state symbols (flags, coats of arms, anthems) of countries and administrative subdivisions, municipal chronicles and any other works whose exclusion from copyright protection is in public interest.

Freedom of panorama: Works permanently displayed in public area (square, street, park, public road or another public space) can be freely recorded through drawing, painting, photograph or movie, but not through three-dimensional models. Author of the derivative work should only mention the author and name of the original work, if possible (§33).

In line with EU Copyright Directive, authors are entitled to royalties for usage of their works during their lifetime and 70 years after their death (§27). Performing artists (e.g. actors, musicians, dancers) are entitled to royalties for 50 years after publishing of their performance (§73). (All terms are computed from January 1 of the year following the respective event.)

Turquie[edit]

See {{PD-TR}} and Turkish copyright law. The current copyright law of Turkey provides that copyright owned by a legal entity lasts for 70 years from first publication, and that copyright owned by an individual lasts for 70 years from death. See Law No. 5846 (12 May, 1951, as amended), Art. 27. That law provides that the creator of a work owns the copyright, except where the creator is employed by someone else, including an entity, in which case the employer or entity owns the copyright. Id., Art. 8.

Yemen[edit]

Yemeni Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 10 years starting from the beginning of the publication year. It also states that television screenshots are protected for 3 years starting from the original broadcast date.

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  1. ↑ The definition of a photographic work, as opposed to a photo, is not precisely defined. There are still no precedents on this, but in practice "artistic or scientific value" has come to apply only to photos with distinctive originality, not to snapshot-like photos such as press photos.
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