Commons:De minimis/ja
デ・ミニミス（De minimis）ã¯ã•ã•ã„ãªäº‹ã‚’æ„味ã™ã‚‹ãƒ©ãƒ†ãƒ³èªžè¡¨ç¾ã§ã€de minimis non curat lex（法ã¯ã•ã•ã„ãªäº‹ã«ã“ã ã‚らãªã„）ã¨ã„ã†è¨€ã„æ–¹ã§ä½¿ã‚ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚著作物ã®ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã¯è‘—作権者ã®è¨±è«¾ãŒå¿…è¦ã§ãªã„ãã®ã‚ˆã†ãªã•ã•ã„ãªåˆ©ç”¨ã®ã“ã¨ã§ã™ã€‚日本ã§ã¯ã„ã‚ゆる写り込ã¿ã¨ã„ã†è¨€è‘‰ã§è¡¨ç¾ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚
コモンズã§ã¯ã„ãã¤ã‹ã®ã‚±ãƒ¼ã‚¹ã§ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã¨ã—ã¦å—ã‘入れå¯èƒ½ã ã¨è€ƒãˆã‚‰ã‚Œã‚‹è‘—作権ã®ã‚るコンテンツをå«ã‚€ãƒ•ã‚¡ã‚¤ãƒ«ã¯{{de minimis}}テンプレートを付ã—ã¦è˜åˆ¥ã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã‹ã‚‚ã—ã‚Œã¾ã›ã‚“。
Contents
"デ・ミニミス"ã¨ã¯ä½•ã‹[edit]
慣習法ã®æ¦‚念de minimisã¯ã€ãƒ©ãƒ†ãƒ³èªžè¡¨ç¾ã®de minimis non curat lexã‹ã‚‰æ¥ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã‚Œã¯ã—ã°ã—ã°ã€"法ã¯ã•ã•ã„ãªäº‹ã«ã“ã ã‚らãªã„"ã¨è¨³ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã„ãã¤ã‹ã®æŠ€è¡“çš„ãªæ³•ã®é•åã¯ã‚ã¾ã‚Šã«ã‚‚ã•ã•ã„ã§ã‚ã‚Šå–ã‚‹ã«è¶³ã‚‰ãªã„ã®ã§æ³•å»·ã¯ãれをé•æ³•ã¨ã—ã¦å–り扱ã‚ãªã„ã¨æ±ºå®šã™ã‚‹ã‹ã‚‚ã—ã‚Œãªã„ã¨è€ƒãˆã‚‰ã‚Œã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®æ¦‚念ã¯æ³•å¾‹ã®å¤šãã®åˆ†é‡Žã«é©ç”¨ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã—ã‹ã—ã€ã“ã“ã§ã¯æˆ‘々ã¯è‘—作権法ã«é™ã£ã¦ãã®é©ç”¨ã‚’考ãˆã¾ã™ã€‚
ã‚‚ã—法廷ã§è¨¼æ˜Žã•ã‚ŒãŸã‚‰ã€ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã¯è‘—作権侵害行為ã«å¯¾ã™ã‚‹å®Œç’§ãªæŠ—å¼ã¨ãªã‚Šãˆã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ã“ã¨ã¯ã€å˜ã«ä¾µå®³è€…ãŒè¨´è¨Ÿè²»ç”¨ãŒé«˜ã„ã®ã§è¨´ãˆã‚‰ã‚Œã‚‹ã“ã¨ã¯ã»ã¼ãªã„状態ã§é€ƒã’られるã¨ã„ã†ã‚‚ã®ã§ã¯ãªãã€ã‚€ã—ã‚デ・ミニミスをコピーã—ã¦ã‚‚コピーã—ãŸäººã¯æ³•å¾‹ã«å…¨ç„¶é•åã—ã¦ã„ãªã„ã¨ã„ã†ã“ã¨ã§ã™ã€‚
ã²ã¨ã¤ã®äº‹ä¾‹[edit]
著作権ãŒä¿è·ã•ã‚ŒãŸãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ãŒèƒŒæ™¯ã«å†™ã‚Šè¾¼ã‚“ã 写真ãŒã‚ã‚‹ã¨ã—ã¾ã—ょã†ã€‚ã“ã“ã§ã¯ãµãŸã¤ã®è‘—作権ãŒé–¢ä¿‚ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚写真撮影者ã®è‘—作権ã¨ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã®ãƒ‡ã‚¶ã‚¤ãƒŠãƒ¼ã®è‘—作権ã§ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ãµãŸã¤ã¯ç‹¬ç«‹ã—ã¦å˜åœ¨ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®å†™çœŸã‚’撮影ã—コモンズã«æŠ•ç¨¿ã™ã‚‹ã¨ã€æ’®å½±è€…ã¯ã€ã‚‚ã¡ã‚ん許諾を得ãšã«ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ãƒ‡ã‚¶ã‚¤ãƒ³ã‚’コピーã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚従ã£ã¦ã“ã‚Œã¯é€šå¸¸è‘—作権ã®ä¾µå®³ã«ãªã‚Šã‚³ãƒ¢ãƒ³ã‚ºã§ã¯å—ã‘入れられã¾ã›ã‚“。撮影者ãŒæ’®å½±ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã«ã‚ˆã£ã¦æ–°ãŸãªè‘—作権を創りã ã—ãŸã¨ã„ã†äº‹å®Ÿã¯ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã®è‘—作権ãŒä¾µå®³ã•ã‚Œãªã„ã¨ã„ã†ã“ã¨ã§ã¯ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“。ãŸã¨ãˆãã®å†™çœŸãŒé«˜ã„レベルã®å‰µä½œæ€§ã‚’示ã—ã¦ã„ã¦ã‚‚ãã†ã§ã™ã€‚
ã—ã‹ã—ãªãŒã‚‰ã€ã‚‚ã—ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ãŒå†™çœŸã®è¢«å†™ä½“全体ã«å¯¾ã—ã¦å®Œå…¨ã«ä»˜éšçš„ãªã‚‰ã°ã€ã‚³ãƒ”ーã¯ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã¨ã¿ãªã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã‹ã‚‚ã—ã‚Œã¾ã›ã‚“。（ãŠãらãã€ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã¯å°ã•ãã¦ã€ç”»åƒã®ä¸ã®å–ã‚‹ã«è¶³ã‚‰ãªã„部分ã§ã€ä¸»è¦ãªè¢«å†™ä½“ã¨æ¯”ã¹ã¦å®Œå…¨ã«ãƒ”ンã¼ã‘ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã‹ã€ã¾ãŸã¯èƒŒæ™¯ã«å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†ãŒéš ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã‹ã§ã™ï¼‰ã€€åˆ¥ã®è¨€ã„方をã™ã‚‹ã¨ã€è‘—作権ãŒä¿è·ã•ã‚ŒãŸãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ãŒãŸã¾ãŸã¾ã‚ã‚‹ã„ã¯ä»˜éšçš„ã«å«ã¾ã‚ŒãŸå†™çœŸã‚’æ’®ã£ãŸã“ã¨ã‚’ç†ç”±ã«æ³•å»·ã¯è‘—作権侵害ã®è¨´ãˆã‚’ã™ãã«ã¯æ”¯æŒã—ãªã„ã§ã‚ã‚ã†ã¨ã„ã†ã“ã¨ã§ã™ã€‚
コピーãŒå分ã«ã•ã•ã„ãªã‚‚ã®ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã‚’決定ã™ã‚‹ã«ã‚ãŸã‚Šã€æ³•å»·ã¯ã™ã¹ã¦ã®çŠ¶æ³ã‚’考慮ã™ã‚‹ã§ã—ょã†ã€‚ã‚‚ã—ã€ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ãŒå†™çœŸå…¨ä½“ã®æ§‹æˆã®ä¸»è¦ãªéƒ¨åˆ†ã‚’形作ã£ã¦ã„ãŸã‚Šã€ã¾ãŸã¯å†™çœŸãŒãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã‚’æ•…æ„ã«å«ã‚€ã‚ˆã†ãªæ§‹å›³ã§æ’®å½±ã•ã‚ŒãŸã‚‰ã€è‘—作権侵害ã§ã‚ã‚‹å¯èƒ½æ€§ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã“ã§ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ãŒã€Œå˜ãªã‚‹èƒŒæ™¯ã€ã«å†™ã£ã¦ã„ãŸã¨ã„ã†ä¸»å¼µã¯å¼è·ã®ä½™åœ°ã¯ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“。もã—ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã®å˜åœ¨ãŒå†™çœŸã‚’撮る第一ã®ç†ç”±ãªã‚‰ã€æ§‹å›³ã®ä¸ã«å‘¨å›²ã®çŠ¶æ³ã‚„風景以上ã®ã‚‚ã®ã‚’åŠ ãˆã‚‹äº‹ã«ã‚ˆã£ã¦è‘—作権ã®ä¾µå®³ã‚’ã—ãŸã“ã¨ã¯å…ã‚Œãªã„ã§ã™ã€‚
ã‚‚ã—ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã®å˜åœ¨ãŒç”»åƒã‚’より人を引ãã¤ã‘ãŸã‚Šã€ã‚ˆã‚Šåˆ©ç”¨ã•ã‚Œã‚„ã™ããªã£ãŸã‚Šã€å–ã‚‹ã«è¶³ã‚‰ãªã„ã‚‚ã®ä»¥ä¸Šã®çµŒæ¸ˆçš„æ失を著作権所有者ã«å¯¾ã—ã¦ã‚‚ãŸã‚‰ã™ãŠãã‚ŒãŒã‚ã‚‹ãªã‚‰ã€ãã‚Œã¯è‘—作権侵害行為ã«å¯¾ã—ã¦ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã§ã‚ã‚‹ã¨ã„ã†æŠ—å¼ã¯ãŠãらã失敗ã™ã‚‹ã§ã—ょã†ã€‚
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ガイドライン[edit]
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国別関係法令[edit]
Belgium[edit]
Art. XI.190 of the Code on Economic Law (Wetboek van economisch recht/Code de droit économique) states:
Once a work has been lawfully published, its author may not prohibit: [...] 2°. reproduction and communication to the public of a work shown in a place accessible to the public where the aim of reproduction or communication to the public is not the work itself [...].
Canada[edit]
Subsection 30.7 of the Canadian Copyright Act, 1985 states:
It is not an infringement of copyright to incidentally and not deliberately
(a) include a work or other subject-matter in another work or other subject-matter; or
(b) do any act in relation to a work or other subject-matter that is incidentally and not deliberately included in another work or other subject-matter.
Czech Republic[edit]
§38c of Czech Copyright Act says:
§ 38c Nepodstatné vedlejÅ¡Ã užità dÃla
Do práva autorského nezasahuje ten, kdo náhodnÄ› užije dÃlo v souvislosti se zamýšleným hlavnÃm užitÃm jiného dÃla nebo prvku.
§ 38c Incidental Use of a Work
Copyright is not infringed by anybody who uses a work incidentally, in connection with an intended primary use of another work or element.
European Union[edit]
The Copyright Directive (Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society; text of the directive) allows for de minimis exception in Art. 5(3)(i):
Member States may provide for exceptions or limitations to the rights provided for in Articles 2 and 3 in the following cases: […] incidental inclusion of a work or other subject-matter in other material
under the generic conditions of Art. 5(5):
The exceptions and limitations provided for in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 shall only be applied in certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or other subject-matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rightholder.
Finland[edit]
§25 of the Finnish copyright act in Finnish (Tekijänoikeuslaki 8.7.1961/404):
Taideteosten käyttäminen (14.10.2005/821)
Julkistetuista taideteoksista saa ottaa tekstiin liittyviä kuvia:
1) arvostelevaan tai tieteelliseen esitykseen; sekä
2) sanomalehteen tai aikakauskirjaan selostettaessa päiväntapahtumaa, edellyttäen ettei teosta ole valmistettu sanomalehdessä tai aikakauskirjassa toisinnettavaksi. (24.3.1995/446)
Kun taideteoksen kappale on tekijän suostumuksella myyty tai muutoin pysyvästi luovutettu, taideteoksen saa sisällyttää valokuvaan, elokuvaan tai televisio-ohjelmaan, jos toisintamisella on valokuvassa, elokuvassa tai televisio-ohjelmassa toisarvoinen merkitys. (14.10.2005/821)
§25 of the Finnish copyright act in Swedish (Upphovsrättslag 8.7.1961/404):
Användning av konstverk (14.10.2005/821)
Av offentliggjorda konstverk får bilder återges i anslutning till texten i
1) kritiska eller vetenskapliga framställningar, och i
2) tidningar eller tidskrifter vid redogörelse för dagshändelser, under förutsättning att verket inte har framställts för återgivning i tidningar eller tidskrifter. (24.3.1995/446)
När exemplar av ett konstverk med upphovsmannens samtycke har sålts eller på annat sätt varaktigt överlåtits får konstverket innefattas i fotografier, filmer eller televisionsprogram, om återgivningen är av underordnad betydelse i fotografiet, filmen eller televisionsprogrammet. (14.10.2005/821)
Unofficial Translations in English by Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland, of section 25 of the Finnish copyright act (Act No. 404, of July 8, 1961), amendments up to 31.10.2008/663 included (linking page, PDF):
Use of works of art (14.10.2005/821)
(1) Works of art made public may be reproduced in pictorial form in material connection with the text:
1. in a critical or scientific presentation; and
2. in a newspaper or a periodical when reporting on a current event, provided that the work has not been created in order to be reproduced in a newspaper or a periodical. (24.3.1995/446)
(2) When a copy of a work of art has, with the consent of the author, been sold or otherwise permanently transferred, the work of art may be incorporated into a photograph, a film, or a television programme if the reproduction is of a subordinate nature in the photograph, film or programme. (14.10.2005/821)
France[edit]
See #France - Freedom of Panorama "de minimis" exception below.
Germany[edit]
§ 57 UrhG says:
§ 57 Unwesentliches Beiwerk
Zulässig ist die Vervielfältigung, Verbreitung und öffentliche Wiedergabe von Werken, wenn sie als unwesentliches Beiwerk neben dem eigentlichen Gegenstand der Vervielfältigung, Verbreitung oder öffentlichen Wiedergabe anzusehen sind.
Rough (linguistic, not legal) translation:
§ 57 Marginal accessories
Copying, propagation, and public rendition of works is permitted if they are to be considered insignificant to the actual object of copying, propagation, or public redition.
The central requirement for the application of § 57 UrhG follows directly from the text of the provision: the presence of an “actual object†which neither has to be protected by way of copyright (Urheberrecht) nor ancillary copyright laws (Leistungsschutzrechte).[1] Compared to this primary object, the element in question—according to the predominant opinion among courts and legal scholars alike—“(1) may not even have the slightest contextual relationship and (2) has to be without any importance for it due to its randomness and arbitrariness†(emphasis and numbering ours).[2] (A more restrictive minority view notably employed by Wilhelm Nordemann helds that the presence of the work in question has to be entirely inevitable and, on top, negligible to such a degree that it could easily be removed without even the slightest impact on the appearance of the actual object to the average viewer.[3]) This implies, in particular, that the actual object needs to be so dominant in comparison that the work in question can be replaced without altering its overall impression.[4] As soon as the work is integrated into a scene or a picture—irrespective of whether its appearance was accidental in first place or not—, § 57 UrhG can no longer apply.[5]
Whether a work constitutes a marginal accessory in this sense is determined from the perspective of an “objective observerâ€; it is hence irrelevant what e.g. a photographer or film maker intended to show; what matters is only the result as perceived from an objective stance.[6]
Examples: A popular example in the literature is the appearance of a painting during a movie. The example is taken from the official reasoning for § 57 UrhG where it is stated that as long as the protected painting is not the main subject of the scene, this constitutes an example of a marginal accessory. However, this notion is rejected by both case law[7] and the literature; it is held instead that oftentimes, such paintings will have an influence on the atmosphere and can thus be characteristic for the scene. In that spirit, the Munich High Court decided that the publisher of a furniture catalogue cannot invoke § 57 UrhG in order to justify that protected artwork was visible in the background to some of his pictures of interior landscapes.[8] On the other hand, it was also held by the same court that a T-shirt designer could not take steps against the publication of a magazine cover photo the subject of which was wearing a T-shirt created by the designer because it was argued that the motive on the T-shirt had no relation to the person and the topic he was supposed to illustrate.[9] (A copy of the cover can be found in the decision by the previous court, see for instance here.) Another common example from the literature is the television coverage of a speech of an MP whose copyright-protected jewelry is visible; this is considered a classical case of a marginal accessory.[10]. Gunda Dreyer points out that a photographer may not invoke to § 57 UrhG with respect to copyright-protected exhibits that appear in the background of a museum director who speaks on the inauguration festivities of his museum, while arguing that the appearance of a painting in the background of a politician speaking in the parliament is regularly covered by the exception clause due to its lacking relation to the main object.[11] A musical work can be unwesentliches Beiwerk in a documentary if it just accidentally can be heard through an open window; however, as soon as it is technically edited afterwards and thereby made part of the documentary, § 57 UrhG cannot apply anymore.[12]
Iceland[edit]
“10. gr. a. Einkaréttur höfundar skv. 3. gr., sbr. 2. gr., gildir ekki um gerð eintaka sem
- eru til skamms tÃma eða tilfallandi,
[...]
Ãkvæði 1. mgr. gilda ekki um tölvuforrit og gagnagrunna.â€
An unofficial translation of Article 10 of the Icelandic copyright act reads:[13]
- "Authors’ exclusive rights under Article 3 (cf. Article 2), shall not apply to the making of reproductions (copies) that are transient or incidental."
In regard to the freedom of panorama, the unofficial translation of Article 16 reads:[13]
- "Photographs may be taken and presented of buildings, as well as works of art, which have been situated permanently out-of-doors in a public location. Should a building, which enjoys protection under the rules concerning works of architecture, or a work of art as previously referred to, comprise the principal motif in a photograph which is exploited for marketing purposes, the author shall be entitled to remuneration, unless the pictures are intended for use by a newspaper or in television broadcasting."
Ireland[edit]
Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000: Chapter 6, section 52:
“The copyright in a work is not infringed by its inclusion in an incidental manner in another work.â€
The Irish legislation is seen as similar to the legislation in the United Kingdom from 1988, see Pascal Kamina, Film Copyright in the European Union, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Israel[edit]
An unofficial translation of the 2007 Copyright Act says:
22 Incidental Use of a Work
An incidental use of a work by way of including it in a photographic work, in a cinematographic work or in a sound recording, as well as the use of a such work in which the work was thus incidentally contained, is permitted; In this matter the deliberate inclusion of a musical work, including its accompanying lyrics, or of a sound recording embodying such musical work, in another work, shall not be deemed to be an incidental use.
日本[edit]
Copyright Act Article 30-2, amended in 2012, states:
（付éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã®åˆ©ç”¨ï¼‰
第三åæ¡ã®äºŒ 写真ã®æ’®å½±ã€éŒ²éŸ³åˆã¯éŒ²ç”»ï¼ˆä»¥ä¸‹ã“ã®é …ã«ãŠã„ã¦ã€Œå†™çœŸã®æ’®å½±ç‰ã€ã¨ã„ã†ã€‚）ã®æ–¹æ³•ã«ã‚ˆã¤ã¦è‘—作物を創作ã™ã‚‹ã«å½“ãŸã¤ã¦ã€å½“該著作物（以下ã“ã®æ¡ã«ãŠã„ã¦ã€Œå†™çœŸç‰è‘—作物ã€ã¨ã„ã†ã€‚）ã«ä¿‚る写真ã®æ’®å½±ç‰ã®å¯¾è±¡ã¨ã™ã‚‹äº‹ç‰©åˆã¯éŸ³ã‹ã‚‰åˆ†é›¢ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒå›°é›£ã§ã‚ã‚‹ãŸã‚付éšã—ã¦å¯¾è±¡ã¨ãªã‚‹äº‹ç‰©åˆã¯éŸ³ã«ä¿‚ã‚‹ä»–ã®è‘—作物（当該写真ç‰è‘—作物ã«ãŠã‘る軽微ãªæ§‹æˆéƒ¨åˆ†ã¨ãªã‚‹ã‚‚ã®ã«é™ã‚‹ã€‚以下ã“ã®æ¡ã«ãŠã„ã¦ã€Œä»˜éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã€ã¨ã„ã†ã€‚）ã¯ã€å½“該創作ã«ä¼´ã¤ã¦è¤‡è£½åˆã¯ç¿»æ¡ˆã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãる。ãŸã ã—ã€å½“該付éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã®ç¨®é¡žåŠã³ç”¨é€”並ã³ã«å½“該複製åˆã¯ç¿»æ¡ˆã®æ…‹æ§˜ã«ç…§ã‚‰ã—著作権者ã®åˆ©ç›Šã‚’ä¸å½“ã«å®³ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã¨ãªã‚‹å ´åˆã¯ã€ã“ã®é™ã‚Šã§ãªã„。
2　å‰é …ã®è¦å®šã«ã‚ˆã‚Šè¤‡è£½åˆã¯ç¿»æ¡ˆã•ã‚ŒãŸä»˜éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã¯ï¼ŒåŒé …ã«è¦å®šã™ã‚‹å†™çœŸç‰è‘—作物ã®åˆ©ç”¨ã«ä¼´ã¤ã¦åˆ©ç”¨ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã§ãる。ãŸã ã—，当該付éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã®ç¨®é¡žåŠã³ç”¨é€”並ã³ã«å½“該利用ã®æ…‹æ§˜ã«ç…§ã‚‰ã—著作権者ã®åˆ©ç›Šã‚’ä¸å½“ã«å®³ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã¨ãªã‚‹å ´åˆã¯ï¼Œã“ã®é™ã‚Šã§ãªã„。
日本ã®è‘—作権法ã§ã¯ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã®æ¦‚念を軽微ãªæ§‹æˆè¦ç´ ã¨ãªã‚‹ã€Œä»˜éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã€ã¨å®šç¾©ã—2013-01-01よりæ£å¼ã«èªã‚られã¾ã—ãŸã€‚ 文化åºã®è§£èª¬è³‡æ–™ã€€ã€Žã„ã‚ゆる「写り込ã¿ã€ç‰ã«ä¿‚ã‚‹è¦å®šã®æ•´å‚™ã«ã¤ã„ã¦ã€ã€€ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ã‚ˆã†ãªäº‹ä¾‹ãŒç¤ºã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã‚‹ã®ã§å¼•ç”¨ã—ã¾ã™ã€‚ãªãŠæœ¬æ¡ç¬¬2é …ã§è¦å®šã•ã‚Œã¦ã„る利用ã¨ã¯ã€è¤‡è£½ã€æ”¹å¤‰ã€å•†æ¥åˆ©ç”¨ã€å…¬è¡†é€ä¿¡ãªã©å…¨ã¦ã®æ”¯åˆ†æ¨©ã«è©²å½“ã™ã‚‹è¡Œç‚ºãŒæƒ³å®šã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã—ãŸãŒã£ã¦ã‚³ãƒ¢ãƒ³ã‚ºã§å—ã‘入れå¯èƒ½ãªãƒ•ãƒªãƒ¼ãªè¨±è«¾æ¡ä»¶ã¨ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚
軽微ãªæ§‹æˆè¦ç´ ã¨ãªã‚‹ã€Œä»˜éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã€ã¨ã—ã¦åˆ©ç”¨å¯èƒ½ãªäº‹ä¾‹
- 写真を撮影ã—ãŸã¨ã“ã‚，本æ¥æ„図ã—ãŸæ’®å½±å¯¾è±¡ã ã‘ã§ãªã，背景ã«å°ã•ããƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã‚„絵画ãŒå†™ã‚Šè¾¼ã‚€å ´åˆ
- 街角ã®é¢¨æ™¯ã‚’ビデオåŽéŒ²ã—ãŸã¨ã“ã‚，本æ¥æ„図ã—ãŸåŽéŒ²å¯¾è±¡ã ã‘ã§ãªã，ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ï¼Œçµµç”»ã‚„è¡—ä¸ã§æµã‚Œã¦ã„ãŸéŸ³æ¥½ãŒãŸã¾ãŸã¾éŒ²ã‚Šè¾¼ã¾ã‚Œã‚‹å ´åˆ
軽微ãªæ§‹æˆè¦ç´ ã¨ãªã‚‹ã€Œä»˜éšå¯¾è±¡è‘—作物ã€ã¨ã—ã¦åˆ©ç”¨ä¸å¯ãªäº‹ä¾‹
- 本æ¥ã®æ’®å½±å¯¾è±¡ã¨ã—ã¦ï¼Œãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã‚„絵画を撮影ã—ãŸå†™çœŸ
- テレビドラマã®ã‚»ãƒƒãƒˆã¨ã—ã¦ï¼Œé‡è¦ãªã‚·ãƒ¼ãƒ³ã§è¦–è´è€…ã«ç©æ¥µçš„ã«è¦‹ã›ã‚‹æ„図をもã£ã¦çµµç”»ã‚’è¨ç½®ã—，ã“れをビデオåŽéŒ²ã—ãŸæ˜ åƒ
- 漫画ã®ã‚ャラクターã®é¡§å®¢å¸å¼•åŠ›ã‚’利用ã™ã‚‹æ…‹æ§˜ã§ï¼Œå†™çœŸã®æœ¬æ¥ã®æ’®å½±å¯¾è±¡ã«ä»˜éšã—ã¦æ¼«ç”»ã®ã‚ャラクターãŒå†™ã‚Šè¾¼ã‚“ã§ã„る写真
ã“れらã¯ã‚ãã¾ã§ä¸€èˆ¬çš„ã«ã‚ã‚Šãã†ãªæƒ³å®šäº‹ä¾‹ã§ã‚ã£ã¦ã€ã€Œæœ¬æ¡ã®å¯¾è±¡ã¨ãªã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã«ã¤ã„ã¦ã¯ï¼Œæœ€çµ‚çš„ã«ã¯ï¼Œå€‹åˆ¥å…·ä½“ã®äº‹ä¾‹ã«å¿œã˜ï¼Œå¸æ³•ã®å ´ã§åˆ¤æ–ã•ã‚Œã‚‹ã“ã¨ã«ãªã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ã€ã¨ã®ä½†ã—書ããŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚
Morocco[edit]
"Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10 above, it shall be permitted, without the author’s authorization or payment of a fee, to republish, broadcast or communicate to the public by cable an image of a work of architecture, a work of fine art, a photographic work, or a work of applied art which is permanently located in a place open to the public, unless the image of the work is the main subject of such a reproduction, broadcast or communication and if it is used for commercial purposes."[14]
Singapore[edit]
Under section 10(1) of the Copyright Act (Cap. 63, 2006 Rev. Ed.) of Singapore, unless a contrary intention appears:
- a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a work or other subject-matter shall be read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a substantial part of the work or other subject-matter; and
- a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a work shall be read as including a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a substantial part of the work, as the case may be.
Therefore, acts done in relation to insubstantial parts of a work or other subject-matter do not breach copyright.
Slovenia[edit]
Article 52 of the Copyright and Related Rights Acts (Zakon o avtorskih in sorodnih pravicah):
- English: "Such disclosed works that may be regarded as accessory works of secondary importance with regard to the actual purpose of some material object, may be used freely while exploiting such object."[1]
- Slovene (original): "Tista objavljena dela, ki so nebistvena pritiklina glede na sicerÅ¡njo namembnost nekega predmeta, so pri izkoriÅ¡Äanju tega predmeta v prosti uporabi."[2]
Sweden[edit]
Article 20 a of the copyright law:
- Var och en får genom film eller televisionsprogram framställa och sprida exemplar av konstverk, framföra konstverk offentligt och överföra konstverk till allmänheten, om förfogandet är av underordnad betydelse med hänsyn till filmens eller televisionsprogrammets innehåll. Motsvarande förfoganden får göras vad gäller konstverk som förekommer i bakgrunden av eller annars ingår som en oväsentlig del av en bild.
- Förfoganden enligt första stycket får dock endast ske om förlagan till det exemplar som framställs när konstverket tas in i filmen, televisionsprogrammet eller bilden är ett exemplar som omfattas av en utgivning av konstverket eller ett exemplar som överlåtits av upphovsmannen. Om någon exemplarframställning inte sker, gäller motsvarande det exemplar som direkt överförs till allmänheten genom televisionsprogrammet.
This is Not OK:
United Kingdom[edit]
Section 31 of the UK Copyright, Designs and patents Act 1988, as subsequently amended in 2003, states that:
Copyright in a work is not infringed by its incidental inclusion in an artistic work, sound recording, film, or broadcast.
"Artistic work", as defined within the act, includes photographs.
United States[edit]
The United States courts interpret the de minimis defence in three distinct ways:
- Where a technical violation is so trivial that the law will not impose legal consequences;
- Where the extent of copying falls below the threshold of substantial similarity (always a required element of actionable copying); and
- In connection with fair use (not relevant here, since Commons does not allow fair use images).
It is the first of these that is often of particular concern on Commons.
An example under Civil Law[edit]
France - Freedom of Panorama "de minimis" exception[edit]
Civil Law countries may not apply the de minimis principle as set out above, but often have some alternative legal mechanism whereby similar trivial infringements can be ignored. For photographs taken in public places this may be done as part of the rules relating to Freedom of panorama. For example, French case law admits an exception if the copyrighted artwork is "accessory compared to the main represented or handled subject" (CA Paris, 27 octobre 1992, Antenne 2 c/ société Spadem, « la représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité »). Thus, ruling #567 of March 15, 2005 of the Court of Cassation denied the right of producers of works of arts installed in a public plaza over photographs of the whole plaza:
Because the Court has noticed that, as it was shown in the incriminated images, the works of Mr X... and Z... blended into the architectural ensemble of the Terreaux plaza, of which it was a mere element, the appeals court correctly deduced that this presentation of the litigious work was accessory to the topic depicted, which was the representation of the plaza, so that the image did not constitute a communication of the litigious work to the public
(...)Attendu qu’ayant relevé que, telle que figurant dans les vues en cause, l’oeuvre de MM. X... et Z... se fondait dans l’ensemble architectural de la place des Terreaux dont elle constituait un simple élément, la cour d’appel en a exactement déduit qu’une telle présentation de l’oeuvre litigieuse était accessoire au sujet traité, résidant dans la représentation de la place, de sorte qu’elle ne réalisait pas la communication de cette oeuvre au public (...)
French case law states that the said artwork must not be intentionally included as an element of the setting: its presence in the picture must be unavoidable (CA Versailles, 26 janvier 1998, Sté Movie box c/ Spadem et a.):
Can be considered as an illicit representation of a statue by Maillol, the broadcasting of a commercial in which it appears, as it was not included in a film sequence shot in a natural setting—which would explain the brief, and non-essential to the main subject, appearance of the sculpture, which is set in the Tuileries gardens—but used as an element of the setting (« Constitue une représentation illicite d'une statue de Maillol la diffusion d'un film publicitaire dans laquelle elle figure, alors qu'elle a été utilisée, non pas dans une séquence tournée en décor naturel, ce qui justifierait une apparition fugace de la sculpture, placée dans le jardin des Tuileries, totalement accessoire au sujet traité, mais comme un élément du décor. »).
デ・ミニミス画åƒã®åˆ‡ã‚Šå–ã‚Š[edit]
必然的ã«ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹åŽŸå‰‡ã®ã‚‚ã¨ã§è¨±å®¹ã•ã‚ŒãŸç”»åƒã¯è‘—作権ã®ã‚ã‚‹ç´ æã‚’å«ã‚“ã§ã„ã‚‹ã®ã§ã€ãã®ç”»åƒã‚’好ããªã‚ˆã†ã«åˆ‡ã‚Šå–ã‚Šã§ãã‚‹ã‚ã‘ã§ã¯ãªã„ã§ã™ã€‚
ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã‚’å«ã‚“ã 写真ã®äº‹ä¾‹ã§ã¯ã€ãŸã¨ãˆæ’®å½±è€…ãŒè‘—作権侵害ã®ä¸»å¼µã«å¯¾ã—ã¦ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹åŽŸå‰‡ã‚’å…ƒã«æŠ—å¼ã—ã¦ã‚‚ã€ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã®ãƒ‡ã‚¶ã‚¤ãƒŠãƒ¼ã®åŽŸè‘—作権をå¦å®šã™ã‚‹ã‚‚ã®ã§ã¯ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“。もã—誰ã‹ãŒã€å†™çœŸã‚’æ’®ã£ã¦ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ã ã‘ãŒæ®‹ã‚‹ã‚ˆã†ã«åˆ‡ã‚Šå–ã£ãŸã‚‰ã€ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã®ä¸»å¼µã¯ã‚‚ã¯ã‚„使ãˆã¾ã›ã‚“。ãªãœãªã‚‰ã€ãƒã‚¹ã‚¿ãƒ¼ãŒåˆ‡ã‚Šå–ã‚Šç”»åƒã®ä¸»è¦ãªéƒ¨åˆ†ã«ãªã‚‹ã‹ã‚‰ã§ã™ã€‚従ã£ã¦ã€åˆ‡ã‚Šå–ã‚Šãƒãƒ¼ã‚¸ãƒ§ãƒ³ã¯è‘—作権を侵害ã—コモンズã§ã¯å—ã‘入れられã¾ã›ã‚“。
デ・ミニミスã®ã‚‚ã¨ã§è¨±å®¹ã•ã‚ŒãŸç”»åƒã‚’切りå–ã£ã¦è¨±å®¹ã§ããªã„別ã®ç”»åƒã‚’作æˆã—ã¦ã‚‚ã„ã„ã¨ã„ã†å˜ãªã‚‹äº‹å®Ÿã¯ã€åŽŸè‘—作物ãŒçµå±€ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ã§ãªã„ã“ã¨ã‚’æ„味ã—ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã‚‚ã®ã§ã¯ãªã„ã“ã¨ã«æ³¨æ„ã—ã¦ãã ã•ã„。ãŸã¨ãˆé«˜è§£åƒåº¦ã®ç”»åƒã§ã€ãã®ä¸ã‹ã‚‰ä»˜éšçš„ãªå¯¾è±¡ç‰©ã®è©³ç´°ã‚’確実ã«å–り出ã—ã¦æ‹¡å¤§ã§ãるよã†ãªå ´åˆã§ã‚‚ã€ãƒ‡ãƒ»ãƒŸãƒ‹ãƒŸã‚¹ãŒé©ç”¨å‡ºæ¥ã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã‚’判æ–ã™ã‚‹ã¨ãã«ã¯ãã®å†™çœŸã‚’通常見るè·é›¢ã‹ã‚‰è¦‹ã¦å…¨ä½“ã¨ã—ã¦è¦³å¯Ÿã™ã‚‹ã¹ãã§ã™ã€‚
事例集[edit]
See also: Commons:Threshold of originality
ドãƒã‚¤ã¨ãƒ“ジãƒã‚¹ãƒ™ã‚¤(DR)
Burj Khalifa; "風景ã¨ã—ã¦" (DR)
åšç‰©é¤¨ã§å±•ç¤ºã•ã‚ŒãŸä¸€é€£ã®å†™çœŸã¨æ€ã‚れる　→　デ・ミニミス(DR)
ä¸å¤®ã«ã‚るエッシャーã®çµµ(DR)
著作権ã®ã‚る作å“ãŒå£ã«å–り付ã‘ã¦ã‚る愛知万åš2005ã®åŒ—é–€
See also[edit]
- Commons:Freedom of panorama
- A discussion about de minimis in videos
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Notes[edit]
- ↑ For the second part see Vogel in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 4th ed. (2008), § 57 (6); Dreier in Dreier/Schulze, UrhG, 3rd ed. (2008), § 57 (1).
- ↑ Vogel in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 4th ed. (2008), § 57 (6) (original in German: „Zu diesem Hauptgegenstand darf unwesentliches Beiwerk […] keine noch so unbedeutende inhaltliche Beziehung aufweisen und hat durch seine Zufälligkeit und Beliebigkeit für ihn ohne jede Bedeutung zu sein.“). Vogel’s wording is directly adopted by OLG München, 29 U 5826/07 (= ZUM-RD 2008, 554 – T-Shirt als unwesentliches Beiwerk gemäß § 57 UrhG), decided on March 13, 2008 (full text, in German). Almost identical in Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 2nd ed. (2011), UrhG § 57 (2); similar Dreier in Dreier/Schulze, UrhG, 3rd ed. (2008), § 57 (2).
- ↑ Wilhelm Nordemann in Fromm/Nordemann, Urheberrecht, 10th ed. (2010), § 57 (2); similar Götting in Loewenheim, Handbuch des Urheberrechts, 2nd ed. (2010), § 31 (229).
- ↑ OLG München, 29 U 5826/07 (= ZUM-RD 2008, 554 – T-Shirt als unwesentliches Beiwerk gemäß § 57 UrhG), decided on March 13, 2008 (full text, in German); Vogel in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 4th ed. (2008), § 57 (6); Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 2nd ed. (2011), UrhG § 57 (3); Dreyer in Dreyer/Kotthoff/Meckel, Handkommentar Urheberrecht, 2nd ed. (2009), § 57 (2); Gass in Möhring/Nicolini, UrhG, 2nd ed. (2000), § 57 (8); Dreier in Dreier/Schulze, UrhG, 3rd ed. (2008), § 57 (2); Wolfgang Maaßen, Bildzitate in Gerichtsentscheidungen und juristischen Publikationen. ZUM 2003, 830, 837.
- ↑ Vogel in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 4th ed. (2008), § 57 (10).
- ↑ OLG München, 29 U 5826/07 (= ZUM-RD 2008, 554 – T-Shirt als unwesentliches Beiwerk gemäß § 57 UrhG), decided on March 13, 2008 (full text, in German); OLG München, 6 U 4132/87 (= NJW 1989, 404 – Abdruck von Kunstwerken in Werbeprospekten), decided on June 9, 1988; Vogel in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 4th ed. (2008), § 57 (10); Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 2nd ed. (2011), UrhG § 57 (2); Dreyer/Kotthoff/Meckel, Handkommentar Urheberrecht, 2nd ed. (2009), § 57 (4); Gass in Möhring/Nicolini, UrhG, 2nd ed. (2000), § 57 (6); Dreier in Dreier/Schulze, UrhG, 3rd ed. (2008), § 57 (3); Lüft in Wandtke/Bullinger, UrhR, 3rd ed. (2009), § 57 (2); Götting in Loewenheim, Handbuch des Urheberrechts, 2nd ed. (2010), § 31 (230).
- ↑ OLG München, 6 U 4132/87 (= NJW 1989, 404 – Abdruck von Kunstwerken in Werbeprospekten), decided on June 9, 1988.
- ↑ OLG München, 6 U 4132/87 (= NJW 1989, 404 – Abdruck von Kunstwerken in Werbeprospekten), decided on June 9, 1988.
- ↑ OLG München, 29 U 5826/07 (= ZUM-RD 2008, 554 – T-Shirt als unwesentliches Beiwerk gemäß § 57 UrhG), decided on March 13, 2008 (full text, in German).
- ↑ Vogel in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 4th ed. (2008), § 57 (9); Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 2nd ed. (2011), UrhG § 57 (2); Dreyer in Dreyer/Kotthoff/Meckel, Handkommentar Urheberrecht, 2nd ed. (2009), § 57 (7).
- ↑ Dreyer in Dreyer/Kotthoff/Meckel, Handkommentar Urheberrecht, 2nd ed. (2009), § 57 (5, 8).
- ↑ Vogel in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 4th ed. (2008), § 57 (8); Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 2nd ed. (2011), UrhG § 57 (2); Dreier in Dreier/Schulze, UrhG, 3rd ed. (2008), § 57 (2); Dreyer in Dreyer/Kotthoff/Meckel, Handkommentar Urheberrecht, 2nd ed. (2009), § 57 (8).
- ↑ a b Copyright Act No. 73 of May 29, 1972, as last amended by Act No. 97 of 30 June 2006, WIPO
- ↑ WIPO, English full text of Law No. 2-00 on Copyright and Related Rights (promulgated by Dahir No. 1-00-20 of 9 Kaada 1420 (15 February 2000) "Nonobstant les dispositions de l’article 10 ci-dessus, il est permis, sans l’autorisation de l’auteur et sans paiement d’une rémunération, de rééditer, de radiodiffuser ou de communiquer par câble au public une image d’une oeuvre d’architecture, d’une oeuvre des beaux-arts, d’une oeuvre photographique et d’une oeuvre des arts appliqués qui est située en permanence dans un endroit ouvert au public, [SAUF] si l’image de l’oeuvre est le sujet principal d’une telle reproduction, radiodiffusion ou communication [ET] si elle est utilisée à des fins commerciales."
Copyright Law of 2000 as amended in 2006
