Commons:å¯è¾¨è­˜çš„人物照片

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This page is a translated version of a page Commons:Photographs of identifiable people and the translation is 82% complete. Changes to the translation template, respectively the source language can be submitted through Commons:Photographs of identifiable people and have to be approved by a translation administrator.
For 有關人物的分類機制，åƒè¦‹Commons:Category scheme People。, see Commons:Category scheme People.

Shortcut: COM:IDENT Â· COM:PEOPLE Â· COM:BLP

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它é˜æ˜Žäº†å¤§å¤šæ•°ç¼–者原则上认å¯å¹¶æ™®ééµå¾ªçš„标准或行为。必è¦æ—¶ä½ å¯ä»¥éšæ„更新本页é¢ã€‚但是，é‡å¤§ä¿®æ”¹çš„建议请在讨论页é¢æ出。
Walnut.png This page in a nutshell: 維基共享資æºå°Šé‡ç…§ç‰‡ä¸»é«”人物的法律權利，並æ“有é“德義務é‡å°ç›¸é—œç…§ç‰‡ä¸»é«”人物展ç¾é“å¾·è¦ç¯„。這些é‡å°ç…§ç‰‡ä¸»é«”人物的法律權利，構æˆäº†ä½¿ç”¨å½±åƒä¸Šçš„éžè‘—作權é™åˆ¶ã€‚特定國家的法律å¯èƒ½æœƒå½±éŸ¿æˆ‘们网站å¯ä»¥å­˜æ”¾ä»€ä¹ˆå…§å®¹ï¼Œå¦‚何出版，以åŠå†åˆ©ç”¨æ˜¯å¦éœ€è¦ç…§ç‰‡ä¸»é«”人物åŒæ„。
經åŒæ„æ–¼ç§äººåœ°é»žæ‹æ”çš„å½±åƒã€‚

當我們處ç†æœ‰é—œäººç‰©çš„圖åƒæ™‚，除了è¦è€ƒæ…®æ”影師或圖åƒæ‰€æœ‰è€…之外，還è¦è€ƒæ…®åœ–åƒä¸­çš„主體人物與圖åƒå‡ºç‰ˆçš„倫ç†è¦ç¯„。這些事å‰è¦è€ƒæ…®çš„議題與所涉圖åƒçš„著作權狀態截然ä¸åŒï¼Œè€Œä¸”會å°æ–¼æ‹æ”ã€ä¸Šå‚³èˆ‡å†åˆ©ç”¨é€™é¡žåœ–åƒçš„使用者產生é™åˆ¶æˆ–施以相關義務。舉例來說，創用CC或公有領域狀態æ„味著æ”影師（或其他所有者）放棄或失去特定權利，而ä¸éœ€ç¶“由他們的åŒæ„å°±å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨é€™é¡žåœ–åƒã€‚然而，æ”影師ä¸èƒ½ç§»é™¤èˆ‡ç…§ç‰‡ä¸­ä¸»é«”人物相關的任何權利。

如果æŸä½ä¸»é«”人物於ç§äººå ´æ‰€æ‹æ”圖åƒï¼Œé€šå¸¸å¿…é ˆè¦å¾—到主體人物的åŒæ„æ‰èƒ½å‡ºç‰ˆé€™é¡žåœ–åƒï¼Œå³ä½¿ç•¶åœ°æ³•å¾‹æ²’有è¦æ±‚，維基共享資æºä»å¸Œæœ›å¯ä»¥å¾—到主體人物的åŒæ„。在許多國家（特別是英語系國家），主體人物在公共場åˆç›´æŽ¥æ‹æ”的照片，通常ä¸éœ€è¦ä¸»é«”人物åŒæ„以發佈這類圖åƒã€‚然而，出版這個術語ä¸æ‡‰éŽåº¦è§£é‡‹ç‚ºå•†æ¥­ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œå› ç‚ºé€™é¡žæƒ…æ³é€šå¸¸éœ€è¦ä¸»é«”人物åŒæ„。此外，å°æ–¼ä¸»é«”人物是å¦éœ€è¦åŒæ„，會隨ä¸åŒåœ‹å®¶è€Œæœ‰æ‰€è®ŠåŒ–。有太多因素å¯ä»¥æ±ºå®šä¸»é«”人物åŒæ„權的程度。

在絕大多數國家，這些議題僅é™æ–¼åœ¨ä¸–人物並å¯ä»¥è¾¨è­˜å‡ºä¾†çš„圖åƒã€‚如果主體人物éŽä¸–或是無法辨識出來，還是å¯èƒ½æœƒå­˜åœ¨é€™é¡žç‰¹å®šçš„法律或é“德議題。

法律議題

在管ç†æ‹æ”ã€å­˜æ”¾æˆ–使用以在世人物為主體的照片時，會有兩項人格權型態：形象權與隱ç§æ¬Šï¼›é™¤æ­¤ä¹‹å¤–還應該é¿å…å°ä¸»é«”人物造æˆèª¹è¬—。

如果æŸå€‹åœ–åƒåœ¨ä¸‹åˆ—一或多個地å€ç‚ºéžæ³•æˆ–å¯èƒ½éžæ³•ï¼Œå‰‡ç¶­åŸºå…±äº«è³‡æºä¸èƒ½æŽ¥å—這類圖åƒï¼›(a)æ‹æ”當下所在國家；(b)上傳圖åƒç•¶ä¸‹æ‰€åœ¨åœ‹å®¶ï¼›(c)美國（維基共享資æºåœ–åƒå­˜æ”¾åœ°é»žï¼‰ã€‚

{{Personality rights}}å¯ç”¨æ–¼è­¦å‘Šå†åˆ©ç”¨ç¶­åŸºå…±äº«è³‡æºå…§å®¹çš„使用者，當地法律å¯èƒ½æœƒé‡å°ä»–們附加é¡å¤–çš„è¦æ±‚，而這些è¦æ±‚會超éŽç¶­åŸºå…±äº«è³‡æºæ‰€åŸ·è¡Œçš„æ¢ä»¶ã€‚æ‹æ”當下所處國家的法律，以åŠå‡ºç‰ˆç•¶ä¸‹æ‰€è™•åœ‹å®¶çš„法律皆é©ç”¨æ–¼é€™é¡žç…§ç‰‡ã€‚

形象權

帕特里å¤Â·å¾·èŠæ˜‚å…許她的影åƒç”¨æ–¼å–„待動物組織的å鬥牛廣告[1]。

形象權指的是控制自己的形象用於商業使用的權利。最明顯的例å­å°±æ˜¯å»£å‘Šï¼ˆç„¡è«–廣告本身是å¦ç”¨æ–¼å•†æ¥­ç›®çš„皆é©ç”¨ï¼‰ã€‚此項權利涉åŠçš„是照片中的主體人物，與æ”影師的授權æ¢æ¬¾æˆªç„¶ä¸åŒï¼Œå› ç‚ºæŽˆæ¬Šæ¢æ¬¾å¯ä»¥é™„加商業使用的é™åˆ¶ï¼Œæˆ–是授權使用者自由進行商業利用。所有存放於維基共享資æºçš„圖åƒå¿…須在著作權觀點上，å…許自由å†åˆ©ç”¨æ–¼å•†æ¥­ç›®çš„，但照片中的人物主體ä»å¯ä»¥æ‹’絕這類許å¯ï¼Œæˆ–是é‡å°é€™é¡žè¨±å¯è¦æ±‚付費。然而，這項權利ä¸æœƒå½±éŸ¿åœ–åƒå­˜æ”¾æ–¼ç¶­åŸºå…±äº«è³‡æºçš„行為，也幾乎ä¸å½±éŸ¿æ–¼ç¶­åŸºåª’體計畫利用的行為，而åªæœƒå½±éŸ¿å»£å‘Š/商業å†åˆ©ç”¨çš„使用者。請注æ„在美國等特定國家，形象權會在主體人物éŽä¸–後一段時間ä»ç¶­æŒæœ‰æ•ˆã€‚

éš±ç§æ¬Š

éš±ç§æ¬Šæ˜¯ä¸€ç¨®ä¿æŒç¨è™•çš„權利，且ä¸å¾—在人物主體未經åŒæ„的情æ³ä¸‹äºˆä»¥å…¬é–‹æª¢è¦–。隱ç§æ¬Šè¢«ç´å…¥å¤šéƒ¨åœ‹éš›æ³•ç•¶ä¸­ï¼Œå³ä½¿æ‰€æ¶‰åŠçš„æ”影細節會因å„國法令ä¸åŒè€Œæœ‰æ‰€å·®ç•°ã€‚圖åƒä¸å¾—ç„¡ç†ä¾µå…¥äººç‰©ä¸»é«”çš„ç§äººæˆ–家庭生活當中。

在法律上，隱ç§æ¬Šå¯ç²—ç•¥å€åˆ†ç‚ºæ˜¯å¦åœ¨å…¬å…±å ´åˆé‚„是ç§äººå ´åˆé€²è¡Œæ”影。ç§äººå ´åˆæŒ‡çš„是å°éš±ç§æœ‰åˆç†æœŸå¾…的場所，而公共場åˆå‰‡æ˜¯å°éš±ç§æ²’有åˆç†æœŸå¾…的場所──這些術語與場所是å¦ç‚ºå…¬å…±æˆ–ç§äººæ‰€æœ‰ç„¡é—œã€‚舉例來說，海ç˜ä¸Šçš„帳棚是屬於公共場所裡的ç§äººå ´åˆï¼ŒéŸ³æ¨‚會則為ç§äººå ´æ‰€è£¡çš„公共場åˆã€‚æŸäº›å ´æ‰€æ˜¯å…¬å…±å ´åˆï¼Œä½†ä»ç„¶æœƒä¿ç•™å°æ”影行為的隱ç§æœŸæœ›ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚處在探訪時間內的醫院。æŸå€‹å ´æ‰€æ˜¯å¦ç‚ºç§äººå ´åˆï¼Œä¹Ÿä¾ç…§æ™‚間的狀態而有所ä¸åŒï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚部分醫院在開放時間å‰é€²è¡Œå°Žè¦½ï¼Œé€™æ™‚候醫院屬於公共場åˆã€‚

在美國（維基共享資æºä¼ºæœå™¨æ‰€åœ¨åœ°ï¼‰ï¼Œåœ¨å…¬å…±å ´åˆé€²è¡Œæ”影一般ä¸éœ€è¦å¾—到åŒæ„[2]。因此，除éžæœ‰èˆ‡ä¹‹ç›¸å的本地法律ã€é¡å¤–的法律考é‡ï¼ˆå¦‚誹謗）或是é“德考é‡ï¼ˆå¦‚以ä¸å…¬æ­£æ–¹å¼å–得圖åƒï¼‰ï¼Œç¶­åŸºå…±äº«è³‡æºç¤¾ç¾¤ä¸€èˆ¬ä¸æœƒè¦æ±‚這類於公共場åˆæ”影的主體人物圖åƒï¼Œéœ€è¦å¾—到主體人物åŒæ„以進行æ”影或上傳圖åƒï¼›ç„¡è«–是å人或是ä¸çŸ¥å人物皆é©ç”¨ã€‚

在大多數國家，如果是單純æ”影與/或出版圖åƒèˆ‡/或使用於商業目的，å³ä½¿æ˜¯åœ¨å…¬å…±å ´åˆï¼Œä¹Ÿå¿…é ˆè¦å¾—到主體人物的åŒæ„。更多細微的差異包å«ä¸»é«”人物的年齡ã€æ‹æ”當下在進行的活動ã€ä¸»é«”人物是å¦çŸ¥åã€äººç‰©å½¢è±¡æ˜¯å¦æ¶‰åŠå…¬å…±åˆ©ç›Šç­‰ç­‰ã€‚更多資訊請åƒè€ƒCommons:Country specific consent requirements。

由於主體人物å°éš±ç§æ¬Šçš„期望，在上傳任何於ç§äººå ´åˆæ‹æ”çš„å¯è¾¨è­˜äººç‰©ç…§ç‰‡æ™‚，無論主體人物是å¦çŸ¥å，通常必須è¦å¾µå¾—主體人物的åŒæ„。å³ä½¿åœ¨æ²’有隱ç§æ¬Šæ³•å¾‹çš„國家，我們也需負有é“德義務，ä¸ä¸Šå‚³é•å主體人物å°éš±ç§æ¬Šæœ‰æ‰€æœŸæœ›çš„照片。

比例原則

在部分國家，比例原則（åˆç†ä½¿ç”¨ï¼‰æ˜¯å®Œå…¨ä¸è¢«å…許的法律準則。這代表大部分國家å°æ¯”例原則較為容å¿ä¸”å¯è¢«å…許採用。

誹謗

圖åƒä¸æ‡‰è©²ä¸å…¬å¹³åœ°å˜²è«·æˆ–貶低主體人物。這å¯ä»¥åƒ…僅來自於圖åƒå…§å®¹ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ä¾†è‡ªæ–¼ç³Ÿç³•çš„命åã€æ述或分類。誹謗既是法律也是é“å¾·æ–¹é¢çš„å•é¡Œï¼›å› æ­¤ï¼Œç¶­åŸºå…±äº«è³‡æºä¸èƒ½åŸºæ–¼ä¸»é«”人物是å¦æˆ–å¯èƒ½æ出告訴而åšå‡ºæ±ºå®šã€‚

雇員

如果是由雇員所æ‹æ”的照片，這種æ”影行為會å—到其雇庸åˆç´„或其專業主體人物的約æŸã€‚關於涉åŠé†«äº‹äººå“¡å°ç—…人進行æ”影的行為，請åƒè€ƒCommons:Patient images。

åŒæ„

醫院病房雖然是公共所有的空間，但人們會期待這個空間å¯ä»¥ä¸å—別人打擾。從上述觀點而言，病房屬於ç§äººç©ºé–“。

就跟是å¦éœ€è¦ç²å¾—照片中人物的åŒæ„å¾—å–決於當下的情境一樣，當下的情境也影響了åŒæ„的本質與程度。åŒæ„總共分三個層é¢ï¼šæ‹æ”ã€ä¸Šå‚³ã€ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚在最基本的情形下，如果畫é¢ä¸­çš„人物是å°è‘—æ”影機微笑，通常æ„味著其已經åŒæ„æ‹æ”。然而在æŸäº›æƒ…æ³ä¸‹ï¼Œé‚„是需è¦å¾—到å—æ”者的å£é ­æˆ–是書é¢åŒæ„。

å…許他人æ‹æ”照片，並ä¸ä»£è¡¨æ”影師å¯ä»¥éš¨å¿ƒæ‰€æ¬²çš„處ç†æ‹æ”æˆæžœã€‚上傳到維基共享資æºçš„相片å¯èƒ½æœƒæ¯”上傳到相簿ã€å€‹äººè‡‰æ›¸é é¢ã€æˆ–æŸå€‹ä½¿ç”¨è€…çš„Flickr串æµåº«å¾—到更多人ç€è¦½ã€‚比如說有ä½æ¨¡ç‰¹å…’，他也許會åŒæ„照片æ供個人ç§ä¸‹ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œä½†ä¸é¡˜æ„在網路上公開。照片的æ‹æ”者與上傳者必須è¦ç¢ºèªå¥½å¦‚果需è¦å—æ”者åŒæ„，那åŒæ„çš„éŽç¨‹å¿…é ˆè¦å¦¥å–„上傳到維基共享資æºã€‚

部分主體人物會因為年齡或學習障礙，而無法給予åˆå®œçš„åŒæ„表述。在此情形下，必須尋求家長或指定監護人的åŒæ„。

å°æ–¼è‡ªæ‹ç…§è€Œè¨€ï¼Œç…§ç‰‡ä¸­çš„人物也是æ”影者與/或上傳者，如果有能力給予上述åˆé©çš„åŒæ„表述，就å¯ä»¥å‡å®šå–得該人物主體的åŒæ„。

通常上傳者會è²ç¨±å·²å–å¾—é©ç•¶çš„åŒæ„è²æ˜Žã€‚{{consent}}模æ¿å¯ç”¨æ–¼é€™é¡žç›®çš„，但並éžå¼·åˆ¶è¦æ±‚。請åƒè€ƒè©²æ¨¡æ¿çš„說明文件。

å°æ–¼ç¶­åŸºå…±äº«è³‡æºè€Œè¨€ï¼Œå…¶ä¸­ä¸€å€‹æ¥µç«¯åŒæ„案例為典型的病人照片åŒæ„書，å¯ä»¥åªè²æ˜Žå…許將照片é‹ç”¨æ–¼é†«å­¸æœŸåˆŠæˆ–醫院教學使用。極端開放的案例則是æ供放棄形象權的模特兒åŒæ„書。

特定國家

下列表格標明ä¸åŒåœ‹å®¶çš„特定è¦æ±‚。但請注æ„，這ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä»½å…·æœ‰æ³•å¾‹ç´„æŸåŠ›çš„文本；且ä¸èƒ½å› ç‚ºå…¶ä»–國家沒有列在此清單內，就ä¸èƒ½é¡žæŽ¨å‡ºä»»ä½•äººå¯ä»¥è‡ªç”±åœ°åœ¨è©²åœ‹çš„公開場åˆå°äººç‰©é€²è¡Œæ”å½±/出版/商業利用。更多細節與åƒè€ƒæ–‡ç»ï¼Œå¯ä»¥åƒè€ƒCommons:Country specific consent requirements或點é¸ä¸‹æ–¹è¡¨æ ¼çš„國家å稱。

å„國å°æ–¼å…¬å…±å ´åˆæ‹æ”人物圖åƒä¹‹å¾µæ±‚åŒæ„情形
國家 æ‹æ”åœ–åƒ å‡ºç‰ˆæˆ–ç™¼è¡¨åœ–åƒ ä»¥å•†æ¥­ç›®çš„1出版或發表圖åƒ
阿富汗 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
阿根廷 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
澳大利亞 No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions) Yes
奧地利 No No (with exceptions) Yes
比利時 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes
巴西 Yes Yes Yes
ä¿åŠ åˆ©äºž No No Yes
加拿大 Depends on province Yes (with exceptions) Yes
中國 No No Yes
è‡ºç£ No No (with exceptions) Yes
æ·å…‹å…±å’Œåœ‹ Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
丹麥 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
衣索比亞 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes
芬蘭 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
法國 Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)[3] Yes
德國 No (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
希臘 No No Yes (with exceptions)
香港 Depends on circumstances Depends on circumstances Depends on circumstances
匈牙利 Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
愛爾蘭 No No (with exceptions) Yes
å°åº¦ No No (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
愛爾蘭 No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions)
以色列 No No (with exceptions) Yes
義大利 No No[4][5][6] Yes
日本 Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
South Korea Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
利比亞 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes
澳門 Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
墨西哥 No Yes Yes
è·è˜­ No No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions)
ç´è¥¿è˜­ No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions) Yes
æŒªå¨ No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
秘魯 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
波蘭 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes
è‘¡è„牙 No (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes
羅馬尼亞 No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
ä¿„ç¾…æ–¯ No Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
æ–°åŠ å¡ No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions)
斯洛ä¼å…‹ Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions) Yes (with exceptions)
斯洛維尼亞 No No Yes
å—éž No No Yes
西ç­ç‰™ Yes Yes Yes
ç‘žå…¸ No No Yes
瑞士 Yes Yes Yes
英國 No (with exceptions) No (with exceptions) Yes
美國 No No Usually (although laws differ by state)
1：在徵求åŒæ„的內容當中，商業使用與著作權當中的ç¦æ­¢å•†æ¥­ä½¿ç”¨ä¸åŒä¸”ä¸èƒ½äº’相åƒç…§ï¼ˆéžå•†æ¥­æŽˆæ¬Šï¼‰ã€‚
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é“å¾·è­°é¡Œ

While some aspects of ethical photography and publication are controlled by law, there are moral issues too. They find a reflection in the wording of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12:[7]"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation." Common decency and respect for human dignity may influence the decision whether to host an image above that required by the law. The extent to which an image might be regarded as "unfairly obtained" or to be "intrusive", for example, is a matter of degree and may depend on the nature of the shot, the location, and the notability of the subject.

The provenance of an image may taint its use irredeemably. A "downblouse" photograph is not made ethically acceptable just because the subject's face is cropped out. A paparazzi telephoto shot of a naked sunbather does not become acceptable merely by pixelating the face.

In the same way as quality newspapers may apply a "public interest" test to doubtful images, the degree to which an image meets our educational project scope may also be considered. When in doubt, there is no requirement for Commons to host any image of a person.

辨識

The degree to which a subject is identifiable varies. An image that includes a clear view of the face is highly identifiable. Other features of the person's body, clothing or the location may help with identifying the subject. Outside of the image, clues may be obtained from the image title, description, origin, source url, and meta-data including but not limited to the geolocation and date. The greater the privacy issue with an image, the more weight should be given to the risk of identification by non-obvious means. Whether the person is the clear subject of the photograph or a mere bystander or background detail is another important factor.

The risk of identification can be minimised by not including certain information in the image description. However some details regarding the origin of the image (such as source url and author) may be a requirement of the source image licence or Commons policy, so cannot be removed. It may also be possible to shoot the subject from a different angle or frame it differently.

It is better to obtain consent than to attempt to anonymise an image that may require it. Placing a black band over the eyes was historically used to hide patient identity in medical publications but is no longer considered effective.[8] Pixelated features can sometimes be revealed by squinting one's eyes. Certain seemingly irreversible visual alterations such as applying a "twirl" effect over a subject's face may in fact be reversible.[9] These crude attempts to anonymise images may damage the value of an image to Commons to such a degree that it has limited or no realistic chance of being used.

Where the law forbids taking or publishing a photograph of a person without consent, and consent has not been given, then making the subject hard to identify (such as blurring their face) is unethical: the photograph should not be uploaded to Commons.

If the original or similar images are already present on the Internet (either on Commons or elsewhere) then attempts at anonymising the subject are ultimately futile. Content-based image retrieval engines such as TinEye or Google Images can identify a subject that has been anonymised. All of the following people are readily identifiable by anyone familiar with the subject. They may also be identified by computer, by simply dragging and dropping the image onto Google Images and searching for similar images.[10]

  • ä¼åœ–匿å化時所é­é‡åˆ°çš„å•é¡Œ
  • 將眼部著上黑色色帶
  • 將臉部打上馬賽克
  • 將頭部影åƒåˆ‡é™¤

舉例

如果是在公眾場åˆæ‹æ”的照片，ä¸éœ€è¦å¾—到åŒæ„。

在大多數國家，下列例å­ä¸éœ€è¦å–å¾—åŒæ„：

  • ç„¡åæ°è¡—頭表演者。
  • 公眾場åˆï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯å¤§åº­å»£çœ¾ä¹‹ä¸‹çš„ç„¡åæ°ã€‚
  • æ–¼ç§äººå ´åœ°åƒèˆ‡å…¬çœ¾æ´»å‹•çš„人，例如辦公大樓中的記者會。
  • 在公開場åˆä¸­ç«¶è³½çš„籃çƒçƒå“¡ã€‚

下列例å­é€šå¸¸éœ€è¦å–å¾—åŒæ„：

  • 一å°ç”·å¥³ä¹‹é–“çš„å°è©±ï¼Œæ¨™é¡Œç‚ºã€Œä¸€ä½å¦“女與她的皮æ¢å®¢è«‡è©±ã€ï¼ˆæœ‰èª¹è¬—å¯èƒ½ï¼‰ã€‚
  • 一ä½å¯è¾¨è­˜çš„å°å­©ï¼Œæ¨™é¡Œç‚ºã€Œä¸€ä½è‚¥èƒ–的女孩ã€ï¼ˆæ½›åœ¨çš„貶æ或貶抑）。
  • æ–°èžå–®ä½æœªç¶“特別邀請而æ‹æ”ç§äººæ´¾å°ä¸­çš„åƒèˆ‡è€…（無ç†ç”±ä¾µæ“¾ï¼‰ã€‚
  • ä¸æ˜¯åœ¨æ˜Žé¡¯ç‚ºå…¬å…±å ´åˆçš„領域æ‹æ”裸體ã€ç©¿è‘—內衣或泳衣的影åƒï¼ˆç„¡ç†ç”±ä¾µæ“¾ï¼‰ã€‚
  • 從é è™•ä»¥é•·é¡é ­æ‹æ”ç§äººå ´åˆçš„å½±åƒï¼ˆç„¡ç†ç”±ä¾µæ“¾ï¼‰ã€‚

請求移除

照片的人物主體ã€æ”影師或上傳者皆å¯ä»¥è¦æ±‚將該照片從維基共享資æºç§»é™¤ã€‚移除ç†ç”±å¯ä»¥åŒ…å«ã€Œæ­¤ç…§ç‰‡æœƒä»¤äººå°·å°¬ã€æˆ–「此照片未經åŒæ„而予以公開ã€ç­‰å…¶ä»–ç†ç”±ã€‚通常，這些圖åƒä¸æœƒå› ç‚ºç…§ç‰‡ä¸»é«”覺得ä¸å–œæ­¡è€Œè¼•æ˜“移除，但如果有éžå¸¸å¥½çš„ç†ç”±ï¼Œç®¡ç†å“¡å¤§å¤šæœƒä»¥åŒç†å¿ƒåŽ»åŸ·è¡Œåˆªé™¤è«‹æ±‚。無論任何刪除案件，您å¯ä»¥åœ¨åˆªé™¤è«‹æ±‚é é¢ç™¼è¡¨åˆªé™¤è«‹æ±‚，並接å—一般的公開審查éŽç¨‹ã€‚如果需è¦é…Œæƒ…決定，也å¯ä»¥ç¶“ç”±Commons:è¯ç¹«æˆ‘們/å•é¡Œå¯„é€ç§äººéƒµä»¶æ出刪除請求並進行解釋。

其他影åƒä¾†æº

於其他網站（如Flickr）授予自由授權的照片，有å¯èƒ½æœƒç¶“ç”±æ”影師以外的使用者上傳到維基共享資æºã€‚這種狀æ³æœƒåœ¨åˆ¤æ–·æ˜¯å¦ç²å¾—人物主體åŒæ„上產生困難。圖åƒçš„自由授權åªæœƒæ¶µè“‹åˆ°æ”影師的權利，但ä¸æœƒæ¶µè“‹åˆ°äººç‰©ä¸»é«”的權利。å³ä½¿é€™æ¨£çš„授權代表我們ä¸éœ€è¦è©²ä½œå“之æ”影師的許å¯ï¼Œä½†é‚„是有必è¦è¯ç¹«æ”影師關於人物主體的人格權授權情形。

åƒè¦‹

外部連çµ

下列網站å¯ä»¥æ‰¾åˆ°æ–¼å…¬çœ¾å ´åˆæ‹æ”照片æ”影者權利的相關討論：

åƒè€ƒæ–‡ç»

  1. ↑ http://www.webcitation.org/6QaWNrfSB
  2. ↑ Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia
  3. ↑ Laurent, Olivier (23 April 2013). "Protecting the Right to Photograph, or Not to Be Photographed". The New York Times. Retrieved on 15 February 2015.
  4. ↑ http://www.foto-grafo.net/archives/1705
  5. ↑ http://www.adammarelliphoto.com/2013/11/italian-law-street-photography/
  6. ↑ http://www.interlex.it/testi/l41_633.htm#97
  7. ↑ https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html
  8. ↑ ICMJE | Recommendations | Protection of Research Participants. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Retrieved on 2016-10-02.
  9. ↑ Schneier, Bruce (2007-10-26). Untwirling a Photoshopped Photo - Schneier on Security. Retrieved on 2016-10-02.
  10. ↑ Google Images (Search by image).
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