Commons:Scopo del progetto
Shortcut: COM:PS · COM:SCOPE · COM:OOS · OOS
Contents
- 1 Obiettivi di Wikimedia Commons
- 2 Scopo di Commons
- 3 Parte 1: i file
- 4 Scope part 2: Pages, galleries and categories
- 5 A word on some areas of particular concern
- 6 Pagine correlate
Wikimedia Commons è un repositorio di file multimediali che mette a disposizione di chiunque contenuti multimediali di carattere educativo (immagini, suoni e video). È innanzitutto un repositorio comune per tutti i progetti Wikimedia, ma i suoi contenuti possono essere utilizzati da tutti, ovunque, per qualsiasi scopo.
Questa pagina è necessariamente lunga. Se avete soltanto bisogno di una breve panoramica, potete leggere il sommario.
Obiettivi di Wikimedia Commons
L'obiettivo di Wikimedia Commons è quello di fornire un repositorio di file multimediali:
- che metta a disposizione contenuti multimediali educativi in pubblico dominio e con licenza libera per chiunque e
- che funga da repositorio comune per i vari progetti che fanno capo alla Wikimedia Foundation.
Il termine "educativo" è da intendersi secondo il più ampio significato di "fornire conoscenza" o di "didattico e informativo".
Scopo di Commons
Per poter beneficiare di ospitalità su Wikimedia Commons, tutti i file e gli altri contenuti dovranno rispettare lo scopo dello stesso progetto. Qualsiasi cosa caricata su Commons che è fuori dei parametri di applicazione sarà cancellato.
Contenuto educativo escluso
Alcuni contenuti sono esclusi dal progetto Commons, non perché essi siano intrinsecamente non-educativi, ma perché ci sono altri progetti della Fondazione Wikimedia che sono più appropriati nell'ospitare tali contenuti. Questo vale sia per i file multimediali che per le pagine di testo.
Il contenuto educativo include:
- Voci enciclopediche (che dovrebbero rimanere su Wikipedia).
- Notizie (queste potrebbero anche essere ospitate su Wikinotizie), previsioni del tempo ed eventi simili.
- I documenti con nessun contenuto educativo oltre che semplice testo. Materiale puramente testuale, come testi di ricette, serie di istruzioni, poesia, finzione, citazioni, definizioni di dizionario, progamma di lezioni o materiale di classe e altri contenuti simili, si devono caricare altrove, per esempio a Wikibooks, Wikiquote, Wikizionario, Wikiversità o Wikisource.
Ciò nonostante, si può utilizzare Commons per ospitare questo tipo di materiale se è incluso in un file multimediale che si possa condividere con uno degli altri proietti di WMF (ossia, copie scansite di testi esistenti che siano utili per altri progetti - per esempio, che servano di base come fonte verificabile - sono nello scopo del progetto). Sono anche permesse file che contengano qualcosa di valore oltre al testo semplice. Per esempio stanno dentro lo scopo, le scansioni di libri o giornali fuori stampa, con diritti d'autore scaduti e che preservino la fonte originale, disegni, immagini, ecc...
Parte 1: i file
I file caricati sono considerati nell'ambito del progetto soltanto se compiono con tutte le condizioni seguenti. Ogni file:
- Deve essere un file multimediale.
- Deve essere un file in un formato libero fra quelli permessi.
- Deve essere licenziato sotto licenza libera o nel dominio pubblico
- Deve essere realisticamente utile per fini educativi.
- Non deve includere unicamente contenuto educativo escluso.
Ognuno di questi punti sono spiegati in dettaglio in seguito.
Deve essere un file multimediale
Wikimedia Commons ospita solo file multimediali come fotografie, immagini scansite, diagrammi, animazioni, audio (es. musica, dialoghi) e video, assieme ai metadati associati. I testi di spiegazione e qualsiasi altro testo sono permessi unicamente nella pagina del file e solamente se coerenti con gli obiettivi del proietto ad esclusione dei contenuti non educativi. Materiale pubblicitario o promozionale non rientra negli obiettivi di Commons.
I seguenti file sono considerati materiale che non va caricato qui:
- Programmi di computer in qualsiasi formato, inclusi i file binari ed il codice fonte. Se rilevante, il codice può essere parte dei metadati o della descrizione, ad esempio un file grafico potrebbe includere nella descrizione il codice utilizzato per crearlo.
- File che sono solamente testo non formattato: file ASCII, codice informatico, ecc...
Must be an allowable free file format
Only free file formats are allowed. Proprietary formats such as Microsoft Word and Excel documents, AAC, WMA, MPEG, AVI, Flash and the like are not permitted. More generally, any file that requires an unfree program or patent-encumbered codec in order to access its content is prohibited.
A list of currently allowed file formats can be found at Commons:Project scope/Allowable file types.
Must be freely licensed or public domain
Wikimedia Commons accepts only free content, in other words files that are either freely licensed or which are in the public domain. A file is considered public domain if either all copyright has expired or if the copyright owner(s) has voluntarily placed the content of the file into the public domain by irrevocably renouncing all copyright. A file which is ineligible for copyright protection is also considered public domain.
Any file hosted here must normally be freely licensed or public domain according to both the law of the United States and according to the law of the source country, if different: see Commons:Licensing.
Required licensing terms
To be considered freely licensed, the copyright owner has to release the file under an irrevocable licence which:
- Permits free reuse for any purpose, including commercial.
- Permits the creation of derivative works.
Termini di licenza non accettabili
I seguenti termini di licenza non sono permessi:
- Utilizzo esclusivamente non commerciale o educativo.
- Restrizioni sulla creazione di opere derivate (eccetto che per il copyleft).
- A requirement for payment or for notification of use; these can be requested but not required.
- Restrictions on where the work may be used, e.g. use allowed on Wikipedia only.
Licences with these restrictions are allowed as long as the work is dual-licensed or multi-licensed with at least one licensing option that does not include such a restriction.
"Licences" which purport to allow fair use only are not allowed. Fair use is not a right that can be licensed by a copyright owner, and is in any event never accepted on Commons.
Termini di licenza accettabili
I seguenti termini di licenza sono permessi:
- Il requisito che venga fatto il nome del/i detentore/i del copyright ("attribuzione").
- A requirement that any derivative works must be licensed under the same terms as the original ("share-alike"/"copyleft").
Licensing policy is defined in detail at Commons:Licensing.
Evidence
In all cases the uploader must provide appropriate evidence to demonstrate either that the file is in the public domain or that the copyright owner has released it under a suitable licence. Typically that requires at least that the source of the file be specified,[1] along with the original source where the file is a derivative work. Also, the creator or copyright owner should be identified, if known or reasonably ascertainable. If there is any question, evidence may need to be supplied that the copyright owner has indeed released the file under the given licence.
Where the file is a photograph which shows an identifiable person, the subject's consent may be required as described at Commons:Photographs of identifiable people.
In all cases, the burden of proof lies on the uploader or other person arguing for the file to be retained to demonstrate that as far as can reasonably be determined:
- the file is in the public domain or is properly licensed, and
- that any required consent has been obtained.
Notes
- ↑ Note that in the case of files found on the Web, this should not be the URL of the file, but the URL of the page containing the file, so that Commons editors can find background information when required.
Precautionary principle
L'obiettivo di Commons è costruire e mantenere, in buona fede, una repository di file multimediali che, al meglio delle nostre conoscenze, sono liberi o con licenza libera. Il principio di precauzione viene applicato quando esiste un dubbio significativo sulla libertà di un particolare file che dovrebbe essere cancellato.
Dunque, argomentazioni come le seguenti vanno contro gli obiettivi di Commons:
- "Il detentore del copyright non si prenderà il fastidio di farci causa o non potrà permetterselo."
- "Il detentore del copyright non lo verrà mai a sapere."
- "Il detentore del copyright sarà contento del fatto che abbiamo diffuso la sua opera."
- "Nessuno sa e saprà mai chi sia il detentore del copyright, quindi non è così importante."
- "Il file è ovviamente proprietà comune. Può essere trovato ovunque su Internet e nessuno se n'è mai lamentato."
Must be realistically useful for an educational purpose
The expression "educational" is to be understood according to its broad meaning of "providing knowledge; instructional or informative".
In the sections below, any use that is not made in good faith does not count. For example, images that are being used on a talk page just to make a point can be discounted.
COM:INUSE
File in use in another Wikimedia project
A media file that is in use on one of the other projects of the Wikimedia Foundation is considered automatically to be useful for an educational purpose, as is a file in use for some operational reason such as within a template or the like. Such a file is not liable to deletion simply because it may be of poor quality: if it is in use, that is enough.
The uploading of small numbers of images (e.g. of yourself) for use on a personal user page of Commons or another project is allowed as long as that user is or was an active participant on that project.
It should be stressed that Commons does not exist to editorialise on other projects – that an image is in use on a non talk/user page is enough for it to be within scope.
File in uso solo su Commons
An otherwise non-educational file does not acquire educational purpose solely because it is in use on a gallery page or in a category on Commons, nor solely because it is in use on a user page (the "User:" namespace), but by custom the uploading of small numbers of images (e.g. of yourself) for use on a personal Commons user page is allowed. Files relating to projects or events of the Wikimedia Foundation, such as user meetings, are also allowed.
File not legitimately in use
COM:NOTUSED
A media file which is neither:
- realistically useful for an educational purpose, nor
- legitimately in use as discussed above
falls outside the scope of Wikimedia Commons.
The emphasis here is on realistic utility, either for one of the Wikimedia projects or for some other educational use. Not all images for example are realistically useful for an educational purpose. An image does not magically become useful by virtue of the argument that it could be used to illustrate a Wikipedia article on X, merely because X happens to be the subject of the photograph.
For example, the fact that an unused blurred photograph could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on "Common mistakes in photography" does not mean that we should keep all blurred photographs. The fact that an unused snapshot of your friend could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on "Photographic portraiture" does not mean that we should keep all photographs of unknown people. The fact that an unused pornographic image could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on pornography does not mean that we should keep low quality pornographic images (see also Censorship).
Excluded from this policy are files in different formats and files which are similar but not exact duplicates in cases where they are needed to keep the file history for legal reasons.
Esempi
Examples of files that are not realistically useful for an educational purpose:
- Private image collections, e.g. private party photos, photos of yourself and your friends, your collection of holiday snaps and so on. There are plenty of other projects on the Internet you can use for such a purpose, such as Flickr. Such private image collections do not become educational even if displayed as a gallery on a user page on Commons or elsewhere.
- Artwork without obvious educational use, including non-educational artwork uploaded to showcase the artist's skills
- Files apparently created and/or uploaded for the purpose of vandalism or attack. Preexisting designs and symbols that are or have been associated with nationalistic, religious or racist causes are not out of scope solely because they may cause offence. Provided they are legal to host and otherwise fall within Commons scope (e.g. if they could for example be used to illustrate a Wikipedia article on a hate group), they should be kept.
- Advertising or self-promotion.
- Files that add nothing educationally distinct to the collection of images we already hold covering the same subject, especially if they are of poor or mediocre quality.
Discussion
We hold many high-quality images of species-identified birds, and there is no realistic educational use for a small, blurry, poorly composed snapshot of an unidentified and unidentifiable bird. Of course, there is always room for another educationally distinct image, for example illustrating some aspect of bird behaviour that we do not currently cover, even if the image is perhaps not of the highest quality.
There may sometimes be an argument for retaining multiple images that are quite similar from an educational point of view, for the sake of variety and availability of choice, but there is no purpose in our hosting many essentially identical poor-quality images that have no realistic educational value.
New educational files of exceptional quality are always welcome, and the later uploading of such files may in principle render earlier unused poor quality files educationally redundant. However, as indicated above, a file that is used in good faith on a Wikimedia project is always considered educational, so a poor-quality file that remains in use is not liable to deletion even if a better-quality file covering the same subject later becomes available.
New and existing files of poor or mediocre quality may or may not be realistically useful for an educational purpose depending on what they illustrate and what other files we have of the same subject. Where a subject is rare and/or difficult to capture, even a poor-quality file may be of significant educational value, especially if Commons has very few or no similar files already. On the other hand, poor or mediocre files of common and easy-to-capture subjects may have no realistic educational value, especially if Commons already hosts many similar or better quality examples.
Image quality is just one of the factors that may limit the educational usefulness of a file. Other limiting factors may include low resolution and hard-to-remove watermarks.
Formati PDF e DjVu
Although PDF and DjVu file formats are permitted, they are expected to be used only in appropriate cases. There should be some reason for the choice of format that is in line with Commons' aims. All of the above rules apply as well, of course.
An admin considering whether to delete a PDF or DjVu file may have to exercise judgement as to whether the chosen format is in line with Commons' aims, and the context and intent (if known) may be relevant. For example, while a published University thesis in PDF format may be OK, a user-created original-research article that is making use of Commons as a free web-host may not be.
Files that might realistically be useful to one or more other Wikimedia projects, e.g. Wikisource or Wikibooks, should be kept; deletions should not be based on the sole ground that the file would be better hosted on one of those other projects. Any media file that is realistically useful to or is within the scope of even one other Wikimedia Foundation project can be hosted here.
Remember that Wikisource often needs PDF or DjVu files in order to proofread or create source texts: Therefore, scans of suitable editions of notable public domain works are almost always within scope for this reason. That said, remember that editorial decisions involved in preparing a text from several sources may result in a new copyright, so the editions used must be out of copyright themselves.
Allowable reasons for PDF and DjVu formats
- The format has been selected for convenience of printing.
- The format has been selected to allow viewing or printing of special fonts, e.g. documents in advanced mathematics or linguistics.
- The file would be within the scope of another project of the Wikimedia Foundation if it were to be uploaded in the same format to that project, for example:
- A PDF or DjVu file of a published and peer-reviewed work would be in scope on Wikisource and is therefore also in scope on Commons. Examples of in-scope documents include published books (but not vanity publishing), peer-reviewed academic papers, etc., university theses and dissertations.
- The file is a scan of a document of historic or other external significance, e.g. scans of existing copyright-free or licensed books, reports, newspapers, etc.
- The file is usable as a fixed, verifiable source document, e.g. for Wikisource or Wikibooks (appropriate fixation of content).
- The format selected provides technical advantages to at least one other Wikimedia Foundation project.
Non-allowable reasons for PDF and DjVu formats
- The format has apparently been selected by the author or uploader to prevent or to discourage the creation of derivative works contrary to Commons' aims. Such inappropriate fixation of content would include a self-published vanity article or a self-created image that the author has uploaded in PDF format in an effort to discourage others from creating derivatives.
- The content is essentially raw text; such files are not considered media files. Note that scans of existing books, reports, newspapers etc of historic or other external significance are not excluded on this ground, even if they contain no images.
- The content would be prohibited under another section; for example, promotional material is outside Commons' scope regardless of the file format.
Scope part 2: Pages, galleries and categories
See Commons:Project scope/Pages, galleries and categories.
A word on some areas of particular concern
Censorship
Files and other materials which are not lawful for Commons to host on its servers in Virginia will be deleted immediately upon being identified as unlawful (including copyright violations), even if the material otherwise falls within Commons scope, as set out above. However, Commons is not censored, and legitimately includes content which some users may consider objectionable or offensive. The policy of "Commons is not censored" means that a lawfully-hosted file, which falls within Commons' definitions of scope, will not be deleted solely on the grounds that it may not be "child-friendly" or that it may cause offence to you or others, for moral, personal, religious, social, or other reasons.
The counterpoint to this, is that the statement "Commons is not censored" is not a valid argument for keeping a file that falls outside Commons' defined scope, as set out above. Photographs of nudity including male and female genitalia are sometimes uploaded for non-educational motives, and such images are not exempt from the requirement to comply with the rules of Commons' scope. If the images are of demonstrably inferior quality, or add nothing educationally distinct to the stock of such images we hold already, they may fail the test of being realistically useful for an educational purpose.
A balance has to be struck between accepting useful media files with legitimate educational content that some may find offensive, and not allowing Commons to be used as a general-purpose media-hosting service (like Flickr, Photobucket, YouTube, etc.), without regard for the project's stated goals. The purpose of Commons is to serve as a media repository, a reliable resource of useful, open source media content; organized and comprehensive in coverage (with accurate file descriptions/information), educational, and intended both for use by Wikimedia projects, and as a public service freely accessible to everyone.
"Punto di vista neutrale"
See Commons:Project scope/Neutral point of view for more information about how Commons differs from Wikipedia projects with respect to the neutral point of view and original research.
Pagine correlate
- Commons:Deletion policy
- Commons:What Commons is not
- The general Terms of Use that apply to all projects of the Wikimedia Foundation
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
