Commons:計畫範圍
Shortcut: COM:PS · COM:SCOPE · COM:OOS · OOS
维基共享资源是一个向所有人提供公共领域的和自由授权的教育性多媒体内容（图像、声音和视频片段）的媒体檔案库。它担当维基媒体基金会各个計畫的公共媒体檔案库，但是你不必成为这些計畫的用户，便可使用这里的多媒體檔案。
本页面不可避免地相当长。如果你只需要简洁的概述，请參考Commons:Project scope/Summary。
維基共享資源的宗旨
维基共享资源的目标是成为一个
- 向所有人提供公有领域的和自由授权的教育性多媒体内容，以及
- 担当维基媒体基金会各个計畫的公共多媒体檔案库。
“教育性”的詞語应理解为其广义含义，“提供指導性質或實用資訊性質的知识”。
維基共享資源的範圍
在维基共享资源存放的文件必须在共享资源项目范围之中。超出项目范围的文件将会被删除。
排除教育性内容
一些有教育意义的内容（包括文字和媒体文件）并不应在共享资源存储，因为这些内容更适合于维基媒体基金会的其他项目。
这些内容包括：
- 百科全书条目（应该收录于维基百科）。
- 新闻（应当存于维基新闻），一般天气预报和类似内容。
- 除文字外没有其他内容的文件，如纯文本版本的菜谱、指导、诗歌、小说文本材料、清单，报价，字典定义，教案或课堂材料。（这些内容应当存于其他地方，例如维基教科书、维基语录、维基词典、维基学院或维基文库。）
但是维基共享资源可存储维基媒体计划所共用的材料处于项目范围中，例如来自可靠来源并可供查证的文字的扫描件。超出文本原始意义的材料也属于项目范围。例如版权过期的图书或报纸的扫描件、类似的纪录原始版式、字体、插图的材料。
范围第1部分：檔案
只有满足以下所有条件时，上传的檔案才在范围内。 每个文件：
- 必须是媒体文件。
- 必须是允许免费的文件格式。
- 必须是免费许可或公共领域。
- 必须是基于教育目且实用的。
- 必须排除教育性内容。
这些在下面更详细地解释。
必须是媒体文件
Wikimedia Commons hosts only media files such as photographs, scanned images, diagrams, animations, audio (e.g. music, spoken dialogue) and video clips, along with any associated metadata. Explanatory and other text is permitted on the file page only to the extent to which it advances Commons' aim and is not excluded educational content. Advertising/promotional material does not advance Commons' aims.
以下檔案不被看作多媒体檔案，可能不适合储存在此；
- Computer programs in any format including binary executable files and raw source code listings. Where relevant, source-code may form part of the file description or metadata, e.g. a graphics file may include as descriptive text the code used to create it.
- 仅代表原始文本的文件，例如 ASCII文件，如上所述的原始源代码清单等。
必須是允许自由的檔案格式
只允许自由的檔案格式。 如Microsoft Word和Excel文档；AAC、WMA、MPEG、AVI和Flash等不被允许。更普遍的是，任何需要非自由程序或专利保护编解码器才能访问其内容的檔案皆被禁止。
目前允许的檔案格式列表可以在Commons:Project scope/Allowable file types中找到。
必须是自由授權許可或公有领域
Wikimedia Commons accepts only free content, in other words files that are either freely licensed or which are in the public domain. A file is considered public domain if either all copyright has expired or if the copyright owner(s) has voluntarily placed the content of the file into the public domain by irrevocably renouncing all copyright. A file which is ineligible for copyright protection is also considered public domain.
Any file hosted here must normally be freely licensed or public domain according to both the law of the United States and according to the law of the source country, if different: see Commons:Licensing.
需要授權條款
為了讓自由授權受到認可，著作權持有者必需以下列授權條款，以不可撤銷的方式釋出；
- 允許自由重複利用於任何目的，包含商業目的。
- 允許創作衍生作品。
不能允許的授權條款
下列授權條款為不能允許的類型：
- 只限非商業或教育使用。
- Restrictions on the creation of derivative works, except for copyleft.
- 要求付費或通知著作權持有者；這些條件可以請求但不能要求。
- 限制作品的使用場所，例如只允許在維基百科使用。
Licences with these restrictions are allowed as long as the work is dual-licensed or multi-licensed with at least one licensing option that does not include such a restriction.
"Licences" which purport to allow fair use only are not allowed. Fair use is not a right that can be licensed by a copyright owner, and is in any event never accepted on Commons.
可允許的授權條款
下列條款為可接受的授權類型：
- A requirement that the copyright owner(s) be named ("attribution").
- A requirement that any derivative works must be licensed under the same terms as the original ("share-alike"/"copyleft").
Licensing policy is defined in detail at Commons:Licensing.
證據
任何情况下上传者都应当提供恰当的证据以显示文件来自于公有领域或其版权所有者以一种合适的许可证授权该文件。因此这至少要求表明文件来源[1]。当文件是衍生作品时还需表明原有作品来源。 此外还应根据署名或合理推断标明文件的作者或版权所有者。如果有任何问题，这些证据将会证明版权所有者的确将该文件在指定许可证下释出。
若照片包含一位可识别的人物，则还需要满足Commons:可识别人物的照片中的要求。
任何情况下上传者和主张保留文件者皆有以下举证责任：
- 该图片处于公有领域或获得了适当授权，以及
- 任何已取得的授权。
脚注
- ↑ 若文件来自于网络，请勿直接使用文件本身的URL，而请使用包含文件的页面的URL。这将方便共享资源编辑在需要时检查图片背景信息。
Precautionary principle
维基共享资源用户致力以善意建立一个自由媒体资源库。预防原则指当文件的使用自由受到高度质疑时，该文件应当被删除。
同时，类似“侵权了也没关系”这种想法，是违反共享资源的理念的：
- “版权所有者不会费力起诉或无法承担起诉费用。”
- “版权所有者不会发现这件事。”
- “版权所有者不会介意/会很高兴看到我们传播其作品。”
- “没人知道谁是版权所有者，因此无所谓。”
- “这个文件明显是公有财产。整个因特网上都可以找到而且没人抱怨。”
必须基于對教育目標有實用價值
“教育性”詞與应理解为其广义含义，“提供指導性質或實用資訊性質的知识”。
In the sections below, any use that is not made in good faith does not count. For example, images that are being used on a talk page just to make a point can be discounted.
COM:INUSE
檔案用於其他維基媒體計畫
A media file that is in use on one of the other projects of the Wikimedia Foundation is considered automatically to be useful for an educational purpose, as is a file in use for some operational reason such as within a template or the like. Such a file is not liable to deletion simply because it may be of poor quality: if it is in use, that is enough.
The uploading of small numbers of images (e.g. of yourself) for use on a personal user page of Commons or another project is allowed as long as that user is or was an active participant on that project.
It should be stressed that Commons does not exist to editorialise on other projects – that an image is in use on a non talk/user page is enough for it to be within scope.
檔案只用於維基共享資源
An otherwise non-educational file does not acquire educational purpose solely because it is in use on a gallery page or in a category on Commons, nor solely because it is in use on a user page (the "User:" namespace), but by custom the uploading of small numbers of images (e.g. of yourself) for use on a personal Commons user page is allowed. Files relating to projects or events of the Wikimedia Foundation, such as user meetings, are also allowed.
File not legitimately in use
COM:NOTUSED
A media file which is neither:
- realistically useful for an educational purpose, nor
- legitimately in use as discussed above
falls outside the scope of Wikimedia Commons.
The emphasis here is on realistic utility, either for one of the Wikimedia projects or for some other educational use. Not all images for example are realistically useful for an educational purpose. An image does not magically become useful by virtue of the argument that it could be used to illustrate a Wikipedia article on X, merely because X happens to be the subject of the photograph.
For example, the fact that an unused blurred photograph could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on "Common mistakes in photography" does not mean that we should keep all blurred photographs. The fact that an unused snapshot of your friend could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on "Photographic portraiture" does not mean that we should keep all photographs of unknown people. The fact that an unused pornographic image could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on pornography does not mean that we should keep low quality pornographic images (see also Censorship).
Excluded from this policy are files in different formats and files which are similar but not exact duplicates in cases where they are needed to keep the file history for legal reasons.
範例
Examples of files that are not realistically useful for an educational purpose:
- Private image collections, e.g. private party photos, photos of yourself and your friends, your collection of holiday snaps and so on. There are plenty of other projects on the Internet you can use for such a purpose, such as Flickr. Such private image collections do not become educational even if displayed as a gallery on a user page on Commons or elsewhere.
- Artwork without obvious educational use, including non-educational artwork uploaded to showcase the artist's skills
- Files apparently created and/or uploaded for the purpose of vandalism or attack. Preexisting designs and symbols that are or have been associated with nationalistic, religious or racist causes are not out of scope solely because they may cause offence. Provided they are legal to host and otherwise fall within Commons scope (e.g. if they could for example be used to illustrate a Wikipedia article on a hate group), they should be kept.
- Advertising or self-promotion.
- Files that add nothing educationally distinct to the collection of images we already hold covering the same subject, especially if they are of poor or mediocre quality.
討論
We hold many high-quality images of species-identified birds, and there is no realistic educational use for a small, blurry, poorly composed snapshot of an unidentified and unidentifiable bird. Of course, there is always room for another educationally distinct image, for example illustrating some aspect of bird behaviour that we do not currently cover, even if the image is perhaps not of the highest quality.
There may sometimes be an argument for retaining multiple images that are quite similar from an educational point of view, for the sake of variety and availability of choice, but there is no purpose in our hosting many essentially identical poor-quality images that have no realistic educational value.
New educational files of exceptional quality are always welcome, and the later uploading of such files may in principle render earlier unused poor quality files educationally redundant. However, as indicated above, a file that is used in good faith on a Wikimedia project is always considered educational, so a poor-quality file that remains in use is not liable to deletion even if a better-quality file covering the same subject later becomes available.
New and existing files of poor or mediocre quality may or may not be realistically useful for an educational purpose depending on what they illustrate and what other files we have of the same subject. Where a subject is rare and/or difficult to capture, even a poor-quality file may be of significant educational value, especially if Commons has very few or no similar files already. On the other hand, poor or mediocre files of common and easy-to-capture subjects may have no realistic educational value, especially if Commons already hosts many similar or better quality examples.
Image quality is just one of the factors that may limit the educational usefulness of a file. Other limiting factors may include low resolution and hard-to-remove watermarks.
PDF和DjVu格式
Although PDF and DjVu file formats are permitted, they are expected to be used only in appropriate cases. There should be some reason for the choice of format that is in line with Commons' aims. All of the above rules apply as well, of course.
An admin considering whether to delete a PDF or DjVu file may have to exercise judgement as to whether the chosen format is in line with Commons' aims, and the context and intent (if known) may be relevant. For example, while a published University thesis in PDF format may be OK, a user-created original-research article that is making use of Commons as a free web-host may not be.
Files that might realistically be useful to one or more other Wikimedia projects, e.g. Wikisource or Wikibooks, should be kept; deletions should not be based on the sole ground that the file would be better hosted on one of those other projects. Any media file that is realistically useful to or is within the scope of even one other Wikimedia Foundation project can be hosted here.
Remember that Wikisource often needs PDF or DjVu files in order to proofread or create source texts: Therefore, scans of suitable editions of notable public domain works are almost always within scope for this reason. That said, remember that editorial decisions involved in preparing a text from several sources may result in a new copyright, so the editions used must be out of copyright themselves.
適用於PDF與DjVu格式的可接受原因
- The format has been selected for convenience of printing.
- 该格式已被选择为允许查看或打印特殊字体，例如， 高等数学或语言学文件。
- The file would be within the scope of another project of the Wikimedia Foundation if it were to be uploaded in the same format to that project, for example:
- A PDF or DjVu file of a published and peer-reviewed work would be in scope on Wikisource and is therefore also in scope on Commons. Examples of in-scope documents include published books (but not vanity publishing), peer-reviewed academic papers, etc., university theses and dissertations.
- The file is a scan of a document of historic or other external significance, e.g. scans of existing copyright-free or licensed books, reports, newspapers, etc.
- The file is usable as a fixed, verifiable source document, e.g. for Wikisource or Wikibooks (appropriate fixation of content).
- The format selected provides technical advantages to at least one other Wikimedia Foundation project.
適用於PDF與DjVu格式的不允許原因
- The format has apparently been selected by the author or uploader to prevent or to discourage the creation of derivative works contrary to Commons' aims. Such inappropriate fixation of content would include a self-published vanity article or a self-created image that the author has uploaded in PDF format in an effort to discourage others from creating derivatives.
- The content is essentially raw text; such files are not considered media files. Note that scans of existing books, reports, newspapers etc of historic or other external significance are not excluded on this ground, even if they contain no images.
- The content would be prohibited under another section; for example, promotional material is outside Commons' scope regardless of the file format.
範圍第2部分：頁面、畫廊與分類
See Commons:Project scope/Pages, galleries and categories.
A word on some areas of particular concern
Censorship
Files and other materials which are not lawful for Commons to host on its servers in Virginia will be deleted immediately upon being identified as unlawful (including copyright violations), even if the material otherwise falls within Commons scope, as set out above. However, Commons is not censored, and legitimately includes content which some users may consider objectionable or offensive. The policy of "Commons is not censored" means that a lawfully-hosted file, which falls within Commons' definitions of scope, will not be deleted solely on the grounds that it may not be "child-friendly" or that it may cause offence to you or others, for moral, personal, religious, social, or other reasons.
The counterpoint to this, is that the statement "Commons is not censored" is not a valid argument for keeping a file that falls outside Commons' defined scope, as set out above. Photographs of nudity including male and female genitalia are sometimes uploaded for non-educational motives, and such images are not exempt from the requirement to comply with the rules of Commons' scope. If the images are of demonstrably inferior quality, or add nothing educationally distinct to the stock of such images we hold already, they may fail the test of being realistically useful for an educational purpose.
A balance has to be struck between accepting useful media files with legitimate educational content that some may find offensive, and not allowing Commons to be used as a general-purpose media-hosting service (like Flickr, Photobucket, YouTube, etc.), without regard for the project's stated goals. The purpose of Commons is to serve as a media repository, a reliable resource of useful, open source media content; organized and comprehensive in coverage (with accurate file descriptions/information), educational, and intended both for use by Wikimedia projects, and as a public service freely accessible to everyone.
「中立觀點」
關於更多維基共享資源不同於維基百科的中立觀點與原創研究，請參考Commons:計畫範圍/中立觀點。
參見
- Commons:Deletion policy
- Commons:What Commons is not
- The general Terms of Use that apply to all projects of the Wikimedia Foundation
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