Characters

Letters, Numbers and Asterix’s

Characters variable values can be equal to almost any single letter, number or punctuation mark you can type with your keyboard and some special characters that you probably can’t even make using your keyboard! Here’s what we’ll be covering on this page:

If you look at the chart below you’ll see that there is a musical note and a sun. Each character has a number which equals letter, number, punctuation mark or image that is the character’s value. This number is called an ASCII value.

ASCII Values

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Inside of Sparki’s little robotic brain all the characters get converted to the ASCII value when Sparki is doing any calculations or actions with a character. That explains why you can get the value ‘a’ by creating a character variable with the value ‘a’ or 97. Check out the chart below to get comfortable with characters before we move on.

ASCII Table

For Sparki, characters are useful when printing text out on the LCD screen or over a Serial port.

Declaring a Character Variable

You create a character variable by declaring it using char (almost exactly like an integer or float):

char roo;

char roo;

This will create a variable named “roo.” The type of this variable will be a character. Since you didn’t give the variable a value when you first created it the value of the variable is automatically ‘null’. Null is a special character that means empty. The ASCII value of ‘null’ is 0.

Assigning Values (Putting Information in the Character Variables)

There are two different ways you can assign values to a character variable. One way uses the letters, numbers and punctuation marks that you will see on Sparki’s LCD screen, other uses the ASII values that you can find in the chart above. Here’s how you assign a value to a character variable using the first method. Notice how the ‘a’ is wrapped in single-quotes.That’s important. Double quotes do not mean a single character, they indicate a sentence or word. I’m sure you’re also familiar with the semicolon by now, it’s our ever present friend that tells Sparki the line of code is finished and ready for action.

roo = 'a'; // storing the letter 'a' in the character variable roo

1	roo = 'a'; // storing the letter 'a' in the character variable roo

If you want to store a number or punctuation mark you’ll assign the value the same way. Make sure you always use the single quotation marks since the number 1 without the single quotes is actually a frowny face! (We’ll get into that in a moment.) Here are a couple examples-

roo = '1'; // storing the number '1' in the character variable roo

1	roo = '1'; // storing the number '1' in the character variable roo

roo = '?'; // storing a question mark in the character variable roo

1	roo = '?'; // storing a question mark in the character variable roo

The second way to store a character value in a character variable is to use a number without any quotation marks. This way you can get those interesting characters like the smiley faces and musical notes. Here are a couple examples of assigning character values using numbers-

roo = 2; // storing a smiley face in the character variable roo

1	roo = 2; // storing a smiley face in the character variable roo

roo = 14; // storing a musical note in the character variable roo

1	roo = 14; // storing a musical note in the character variable roo

Just like you did with with all the other variable types you can declare and assign character variables with a single line of code-

char roo = 3; // declaring the character variable roo and storing a heart

1	char roo = 3; // declaring the character variable roo and storing a heart

Displaying the Character Variables

So now that you know how to create character variables and assign them values let’s learn how to use them with Sparki! You’ll learn later how to use characters during communication but for now we’re going to make them show up on the LCD screen. This is useful for sending messages, displaying data or just having fun. However, before we can display the characters on screen we’ll need to write a couple commands to make the LCD screen work.

void loop()
{
  sparki.clearLCD(); // erase the LCD

  // our character code will go here

  sparki.updateLCD(); // put what has been drawn onto the screen
  delay(1000); // wait 1 seconds (1000 milliseconds)
}

void loop()

{

sparki.clearLCD(); // erase the LCD

// our character code will go here

sparki.updateLCD(); // put what has been drawn onto the screen

delay(1000); // wait 1 seconds (1000 milliseconds)

}

Let’s go over these three commands quickly so that you feel comfortable with all the code we are using.

The sparki.clearLCD( ) command tells Sparki to clear the LCD. If we didn’t use this command then the characters that were drawn on the screen before would stay there and as more and more characters got drawn on the screen it would become harder and harder to see the new characters since they would be muddled together with all the other previous characters.
The sparki.updateLCD( ) tells Sparki to put whatever code that was printed to the LCD on the screen. This is the line of code that actually makes the characters visible. Any print commands that we use to try and display characters after this command will never show up on the LCD.
delay(1000) tells Sparki to wait 1000 milliseconds (or one second) before continuing with the code. The reason this line of code is in our program is because if we were displaying different data each time through loop then the characters displayed on Sparki’s LCD would go by so quickly we wouldn’t even be able to see them!

These are just the basics needed to get started with the LCD. If you want more information about the LCD screen click here. Now that you feel comfortable with the basic LCD commands let’s display some characters. We’ll be using the sparki.println( ) command to display our characters. This command simply prints whatever is inside its parentheses to the LCD screen and then goes to the next line on the LCD in case there will be more sparki.println( ) commands. Let’s use some code to scroll through all the possible character values and display their ASCII values as well-

#include <Sparki.h> // include the sparki library

char glop = 0; // character variable

void setup()
{

}

void loop()
{
  sparki.clearLCD(); // erase the LCD
  sparki.println(glop); // display character
  sparki.println(int(glop)) // display ASCII value
  sparki.updateLCD(); // put what has been drawn onto the screen
  delay(1000); // wait 1 seconds (1000 milliseconds)
}

#include <Sparki.h> // include the sparki library

char glop = 0; // character variable

void setup()

{

}

void loop()

{

sparki.clearLCD(); // erase the LCD

sparki.println(glop); // display character

sparki.println(int(glop)) // display ASCII value

sparki.updateLCD(); // put what has been drawn onto the screen

delay(1000); // wait 1 seconds (1000 milliseconds)

}

This is pretty straight forward code. You should see a character (the first couple are the frowny and smiley face) in the upper left corner of the LCD screen with a number below it. The number is the ASCII value of the character currently being displayed. The only tricky thing about the code above is the line of code that displays the ASCII value. Inside of the sparki.println( ) command there is “int(glop).” By writing the word “int” and placing the variable “glop” inside of parentheses after “int” we convert the value of glop to an integer. That’s why we can see the ASCII value of the character below the actual character.

Something very strange happens when the character gets up to an ASCII value of 127, doesn’t it? That’s where our chart ends, so we might expect something to happen, but the ASCII value switches to -128 instead of 128 and starts count towards zero in the negatives! You may also notice that the characters being displayed are no longer very interesting. They’re sort of blobs or random dots for the most part. So what happened?

What happened is that once a variable gets to the upper limits of its memory space (the physical space on a chip that holds the variable) it wraps around to the very lowest possible value for the variable. In this case there are 128 negative values for a character, but there are no cool characters stored in these spaces so we get a bunch of junk. Weird, huh?

Doing Math with Character Variables

Because characters are integer numbers on the inside, you can add to them (or subtract, multiply or divide) to change them. Try it out:

#include <Sparki.h> // include the sparki library

void setup()
{
}

void loop()
{
  sparki.clearLCD(); // erase the LCD

  char foo; // declares a variable of type chracter

  sparki.print( "foo: "); 
  sparki.println( foo  );

  foo = 'b' + 1;
  sparki.print( "'b' + 1: ");
  sparki.println( foo ); // b + 1

  foo = 'b' - 1;
  sparki.print( "'b' - 1: ");
  sparki.println( foo ); // b - 1

  sparki.updateLCD(); // put what has been drawn onto the screen
  delay(1000); // wait 1 seconds (1000 milliseconds)
}

#include <Sparki.h> // include the sparki library

void setup()

{

}

void loop()

{

sparki.clearLCD(); // erase the LCD

char foo; // declares a variable of type chracter

sparki.print( "foo: ");

sparki.println( foo );

foo = 'b' + 1;

sparki.print( "'b' + 1: ");

sparki.println( foo ); // b + 1

foo = 'b' - 1;

sparki.print( "'b' - 1: ");

sparki.println( foo ); // b - 1

sparki.updateLCD(); // put what has been drawn onto the screen

delay(1000); // wait 1 seconds (1000 milliseconds)

}

Sparki’s LCD display should look like this:

You can even try multiplying characters. Don’t worry about going above an ASCII value of 127, remember it will just wrap around into the negatives if that happens. What about dividing? Since characters are based on integers when you divide you’ll never have to worry about winding up with a decimal value that doesn’t correspond to a character. So yeah, go ahead and try it!

Recap of What We’ve Covered So Far

Next Step:

But characters don’t sound very useful on their own. To spell things, we need to have more than one of them in a row and there must be an easier way using a whole bunch of sparki.print( ) commands. How do we do that? With Arrays!

Getting Started

Basic miniBloq

How to Code

Basic SparkiDuino

Advanced SparkiDuino

Sparki + Android

Parts of Sparki

Characters

Letters, Numbers and Asterix’s

ASCII Values

Declaring a Character Variable

Assigning Values (Putting Information in the Character Variables)

Displaying the Character Variables

Doing Math with Character Variables

Recap of What We’ve Covered So Far

Next Step:

Next Lesson – Arrays